“…In the LW theory [1][2][3][4][5][6], the thickness coordinate is split into a number of analysis layers and the kinematic displacement fields of each analysis layer have been independently described which makes the theory computationally expensive and dependent on the number of layers considered. The ESL theories [7][8][9][10][11] treat a heterogeneous laminated plate as a statically equivalent, single layer having a complex constitutive behavior, thereby reducing the 3-D continuum problem into 2-D space.…”