A False-Positive Detection Bias as a Function of State and Trait Schizotypy in Interaction with Intelligence

Grant, Phillip; Balser, Mona; Munk, Aisha J.L.; Linder, Jens; Hennig, Juergen

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00135

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The underlying mechanism is thought to be hyper-salience as a result of elevated dopamine levels, whereby stimuli are perceived as having misplaced emphasis, prompting inferences of abnormal meaning (Howes & Kapur, 2009). In this way, dopamine dysfunction may lead patients to see patterns that other people do not perceive, draw conclusions on less information, and report falsepositives in ambiguous situations (Grant et al, 2014). None of the patients with TS in the current study exhibited clinical signs of paranoia or associated disorders.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 70%

Triangles, tricks and tics: Hyper-mentalizing in response to animated shapes in Tourette syndrome

Eddy

Cavanna

2015

Cortex

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Tourette syndrome (TS) can feature complex tics involving socially inappropriate behaviours. Adults with TS can also demonstrate differences to healthy controls when reasoning about mental states. This study investigated spontaneous mentalizing in TS. Twenty adults with TS and twenty healthy controls completed the animations task. Participants were asked to watch short ambiguous animations involving two triangles and describe what was happening. Some animations featured random movement of the triangles, while others depicted social interactions that were simple (e.g., dancing) or more complex (e.g., one triangle tricking the other). Measures were taken of executive functions, alexithymia and clinical symptoms. Individuals with TS responded similarly to controls when viewing animations featuring simple and complex interactions, demonstrating intact mentalizing ability. However, significant group differences were apparent for the random movement animations. TS was associated with a greater tendency to attribute mental states during this condition, and to describe random movements as motivated actions guided by the intentions of the triangles. There were no group differences for the alexithymia scale, but TS was associated with mild executive deficits. No relationships were apparent between animation responses and other measures. Our findings suggest that TS is associated with a propensity to adopt the intentional stance. Hyper-mentalizing in TS could be linked to both dopamine dysfunction and altered social behaviour, whereby amplified salience of social cues could contribute to the complex interplay between environmental context and tic expression. These observations may offer further insight into the potential effects of dopamine dysfunction on social cognition.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 70%

Triangles, tricks and tics: Hyper-mentalizing in response to animated shapes in Tourette syndrome

Eddy

Cavanna

2015

Cortex

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“…However, given that this finding was not consistent across both reaction time analyses caution should be made when interpreting this result. Further investigation of reaction time responses to ambiguous semantic relations in AVH proneness is warranted to determine whether these findings are a true effect ( Tsakanikos and Reed, 2005 ; Grant et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role for Positive Schizotypy and Hallucination Proneness in Semantic Processing

et al. 2020

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Semantic processing underpins the organization of verbal information for both storage and retrieval. Deficits in semantic processing are associated with both the risk for and symptoms presented in schizophrenia. However, studies are mixed and could reflect the confounding effects of medication and symptom heterogeneity. Therefore, we considered whether two risk phenotypes, positive schizotypy and hallucinatory predisposition, present in the general population were associated with differential responding profiles for a semantic processing task. One hundred and eighty-three participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, National Adult Reading Test, a handedness measure, and a computerized semantic relatedness judgment task. Pairs of words were related through their dominant or subordinate meanings, or unrelated. Participants were divided into four groups using a mean split on cognitive-perceptual (positive) schizotypy and hallucination proneness. Significant differences between groups were found for reaction time on the semantic relatedness task, with the high cognitive-perceptual schizotypy groups responding significantly slower to all word pairs compared to their low scoring counterparts. There was some evidence that high hallucination proneness was associated with significantly faster reaction times which may reflect disinhibitive processes, however additional support is required. The results suggest that these two components of psychosis risk are associated with different patterns of responding to semantic processing. More diffuse activation of semantic information appeared to be associated with positive schizotypy, while those predisposed to hallucinations appeared to respond quicker. These results have significant implications in the re-conceptualization of hallucination proneness as distinct from positive schizotypy. Additional research is required to investigate the association between psychotic-like experiences separate from personality variables such as positive schizotypy and semantic processing.

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“…Thus far, we have only discussed trait-like schizotypy. However, as it has been additionally argued that variations in state measures of positive schizotypy (e.g., repeated measurement during experiments) could better explain abnormal false-positive perception than trait measures (Grant et al, 2014) such as SPQ, our experimental paradigm should be reexamined by assessing state and trait positive schizotypy.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Correlation between Perception of Meaning and Positive Schizotypy in a Female College Sample

Tagami¹,

Imaizumi²

2020

Preprint

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We visually perceive meaning from stimuli in the external world. There are inter-individual variations in the perception of meaning. A candidate factor to explain this variation is positive schizotypy, which is a personality analogous to positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., visual hallucination). The present study investigated the relationship between positive schizotypy, and the perception of meaning derived from meaningful and meaningless visual stimuli. Positive schizotypy in Japanese female undergraduates (n = 35) was assessed by the Cognitive-Perceptual dimension of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The participants were asked to report what they saw in noise-degraded images of meaningful objects (Experiment 1) and to respond whether the objects were meaningful (Experiment 2A) and which paired objects were meaningful (Experiment 2B). Positive schizotypy (i.e., Cognitive-Perceptual score) did not correlate with time to detect meaningful objects, and with false-alarm rates, sensitivity, and response criterion in the perception of meaning from meaningful and meaningless stimuli. These results were against our hypothesis and contradicted previous findings. The inconsistencies are discussed in terms of different methods (e.g., stimulus category) and conditions (e.g., paranormal beliefs).

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A False-Positive Detection Bias as a Function of State and Trait Schizotypy in Interaction with Intelligence

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Triangles, tricks and tics: Hyper-mentalizing in response to animated shapes in Tourette syndrome

Triangles, tricks and tics: Hyper-mentalizing in response to animated shapes in Tourette syndrome

Role for Positive Schizotypy and Hallucination Proneness in Semantic Processing

No Correlation between Perception of Meaning and Positive Schizotypy in a Female College Sample

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