“…A great majority of leadership research is constrained by its own fundamental dualism, the assumption that people are divided into leaders and followers. The mainstream leadership literature, beginning with the trait approach of the early 20 th century (Bellingrath, 1930; Fleming, 1935) through to the charismatic literature of the 1990s (such as Conger and Kanungo [1992, 1994]; House, [1977]) has focused on separating leaders from followers. Underlying that literature, as suggested above, is still another dualism — the understanding that the male is the universal, neutral, subject, thus creating the female Other as a crucial partner to the universalist claims that it makes about leadership.…”