A facile quantification of hyaluronic acid and its crosslinking using gas-phase electrophoresis

Assembly and Detachment of Hyaluronic Acid on a Protein-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle

“…Figure a shows the mobility size distributions of HA, BSA, and unconjugated Au colloid over various concentration ratios, Ω (i.e., defined as the ratio of the actual number concentration after dilution to the original concentration). For the HA (Figure a-1), a relatively broad peak with an average d p,m ( d p,m,avg ; by the integration of the peak area from 4.0 nm to 10.4 nm) of 7.6 ± 0.2 nm and a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 4.2 ± 0.3 nm was identified, which represented the HA monomer with a broad molecular mass distribution . For the BSA, three distinct peaks were identified in the mobility size distributions of BSA (Figure a-2), which were corresponding to the monomer ( d p,m,avg = 6.8 ± 0.2 nm), dimer ( d p,m,avg = 8.4 ± 0.2 nm), and trimer ( d p,m,avg = 9.6 ± 0.2 nm) of BSA .…”

“…For the HA (Figure 2a-1), a relatively broad peak with an average d p,m (d p,m,avg ; by the integration of the peak area from 4.0 nm to 10.4 nm) of 7.6 ± 0.2 nm and a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 4.2 ± 0.3 nm was identified, which represented the HA monomer with a broad molecular mass distribution. 29 For the BSA, three distinct peaks were identified in the mobility size distributions of BSA (Figure 2a-2), which were corresponding to the monomer (d p,m,avg = 6.8 ± 0.2 nm), dimer (d p,m,avg = 8.4 ± 0.2 nm), and trimer (d p,m,avg = 9.6 ± 0.2 nm) of BSA. 41 For the unconjugated Au colloid, only the peak of the singlet AuNP was observed in the mobility size distribution shown in Figure 2a-3, with a d p,m,avg of 43.5 ± 0.2 nm and an FWHM of 7.5 ± 0.2 nm.…”

“…The volume-averaged d p,m of HA (d HA ) was calculated as 8.8 nm, corresponding to a molecular mass of HA of ≈ 123 kDa. 29,47 Assembly of BSA-Conjugated AuNP. Figure 3a shows the mobility size distributions of the AuNP after interacting with BSA over various concentrations of BSA (C BSA ).…”

“…The N p,l,HA , N p,l,BSA , and N p,l,Au were identified as (8.0 ± 0.6) ×10 13 cm –3 , (1.3 ± 0.5) ×10 14 cm –3 , and ≈ 6.1 ×10 10 cm –3 , respectively, based on the slopes shown in Figure b. The volume-averaged d p,m of HA ( d HA ) was calculated as 8.8 nm, corresponding to a molecular mass of HA of ≈ 123 kDa. , …”

“…Utilization of a carbohydrate-based ligand is an attractive route for the surface functionalization of AuNP, as it offers an opportunity to improve biocompatibility, target specificity, and physical stability in a AuNP-based drug delivery platform. ,,,− Hyaluronic acid (HA), a bioactive linear hydrophilic and polyanionic polysaccharide comprised of a number of repeating units of β- d -glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-β- d -glucosamine, − is considered as a safe and suitable coating material for the AuNP carrier. ,, Previous studies have recognized that not only can HA function as a therapeutic agent but also as a tunable matrix for drug release. , Besides, HA is an effective vector with an advantageous antifouling effect in targeted delivery. The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis and the cluster determinant enable specific interactions with the tissues having HA receptors. ,,,,, Hence, the assembly of HA with AuNP is useful for the encapsulation of therapeutic and imaging agents, providing an opportunity to construct an effective phototherapeutic agent in imaging-assisted phototherapy. , …”