A Facile, Protein‐Derived Supramolecular Theranostic Strategy for Multimodal‐Imaging‐Guided Photodynamic and Photothermal Immunotherapy In Vivo

Abstract

such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have prompted the exploration and development of next-generation high-performance modalities. Recently, phototheranostic strategies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) [1,2] and photothermal therapy (PTT), [3][4][5] that provide means for both diagnosis and treatment, have attracted increasing attention owing to their minimal invasiveness, spatiotemporal precision, reproducible activity, negligible acquisition of drug resistance, and phototoxicity confinement to the target region. Despite significant advances in these novel theranostic approaches, most such systems suffer complications and issues involving the requirement of multiple components, nonbiodegradable materials, and time-consuming and complex syntheses. [6][7][8][9] In addition, the low concentration of reagent loading can lead to poor therapeutic outcomes, and the potential toxicity of system complexes may hamper the clinical translation of these "all-inone" systems. [10][11][12][13][14] Accordingly, the development of efficient theranostic systems with enhanced biomarker protein activation Theranostic systems that permit both diagnosis and treatment in vivo are highly appealing means by which to meet the demands of precision medicine. However, most such systems remain subject to issues related to complex molecular design and synthesis, potential toxicity, and possible photoactivity changes. Herein, a novel supramolecular theranostic strategy involving biomarker protein activation (BPA) and a host-guest strategy is proposed. To exemplify BPA, a facile "one-for-all" nanotheranostic agent for both albumin detection and cancer treatment is demonstrated, which utilizes a nanoparticulate heavy-atom-free BODIPY dye derivative (B4 NPs). The fluorescence and photoactivity of BODIPY dyes are completely suppressed by aggregation-induced self-quenching in the nanoparticulate state. However, a Balb/c nude mouse model is used to confirm that following the disassembly of injected B4 NPs, BODIPY specifically binds albumin in vivo, accompanied by significantly enhanced biocompatibility and photothermal conversion efficiency. More importantly, this supramolecular host-guest BPA strategy enables the resultant nanoplatform to act as a facile and efficient strategy for photodynamic and photothermal immunotherapy.

Cooperatively enhanced photothermal-chemotherapyviasimultaneously downregulating HSPs and promoting DNA alkylation in cancer cells

“…Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a precise, minimally invasive and low side-effect cancer treatment strategy, in which photosensitizers (PSs) convert light energy into heat through nonradiative transition to induce cancer cell necrosis. 1–6 As a heterogeneous group of molecular chaperones with various functions, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are regulated when cells are stressed in a variety of manners, especially by hyperthermia. 7–10 However, the upregulation of HSPs during PTT acts as a self-protective barrier to increase the heat resistance of cancer cells, which limits the treatment efficiency and fails to prevent tumor recurrence.…”

Chiral amino acid modified boron-dipyrromethene nanoparticles with different photodynamic activities

“…12–15 Boron-dipyrromethene (BDP) as an organic functional dye possesses many excellent properties, such as the good biocompatibility, high molar absorption coefficient, and adjustable excitation length, which makes it an ideal PS for PDT. 16–22…”

Simultaneous one-step regulation of planarization and donor rotation to enhance multi-modal imaging guided therapy

“…[14][15][16] Multimodal imaging systems including near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR-FLI), photo-thermal imaging (PTI), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) have received extensive attention in the biomedical field. [17][18][19][20] Compared with visible light, NIR light is considered to be more beneficial to early diagnosis and treatment with higher penetration depth and better separation from auto-fluorescence. [21][22][23] Besides, PAI and PTI can also obtain images with high resolution and contrast, originating from the thermal and acoustic wave signals during vibration relaxation.…”