A European Union Intelligence Service for Confronting Terrorism

The Effect of International Terrorism on EU Intelligence Co‐operation

“…Interestingly, this is the argument used by the (small number) of proponents of further Europeanization of the intelligence sector. Whether governments, most notably the Belgian call for a European intelligence centre and the Austrian discussion paper proposing a European Intelligence Agency ( European Voice , 2004; Austrian Representation to EU, 2004), academics such as John Nomikos (Nomikos, 2005), or practitioners such as Jean Heinrich (Heinrich, 2006), the creator of the French directorate of Military Intelligence, 1 all have regarded international terrorism as a challenge requiring an international response in the form of a centralized European intelligence service. Paradoxically, as will be demonstrated, a functionalist argument in the tradition of David Mitrany's ‘form follows function’ paradigm seems to offer the most convincing explanation of why no new European Intelligence Agency has been created and why the bulk of intelligence co‐operation takes place outside EU structures.…”

An Ever Closer Union: The European Security and Defense Policy and the Development of Hard Power Capabilities in the European Union

“…The WEU established the Torrejon Satellite Center in 1993. Despite its name, the Satellite Center did not own or operate any satellites (Nomikos, 2005). Instead, it purchased commercial images and analyzed them for the WEU or the WEU member states.…”