A European return to United Nations peacekeeping? Opportunities, challenges and ways ahead

Koops, Joachim A.; Tercovich, Giulia

doi:10.1080/13533312.2016.1236430

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“… 6. Figure 3 combines insights from our empirical findings with published literature (Andersen, 2018; Karlsrud, 2018; Koops and Tercovich, 2016; United Nations, 2018). The sizing of the circles indicates more/less significant troop contributions, just as the size of the overlapping areas indicates more/less shared practices. …”

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confidence: 86%

Implementation in practice: The use of force to protect civilians in United Nations peacekeeping

Bode

Karlsrud

2018

European Journal of International Relations

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Since the failures of the United Nations of the early 1990s, the protection of civilians has evolved as a new norm for United Nations peacekeeping operations. However, a 2014 United Nations report found that while peacekeeping mandates often include the use of force to protect civilians, this has routinely been avoided by member states. What can account for this gap between the apparently solid normative foundations of the protection of civilians and the wide variation in implementation? This article approaches the question by highlighting normative ambiguity as a fundamental feature of international norms. Thereby, we consider implementation as a political, dynamic process where the diverging understandings that member states hold with regard to the protection of civilians norm manifest and emerge. We visualize this process in combining a criticalconstructivist approach to norms with practice theories. Focusing on the practices of member states' military advisers at the United Nations headquarters in New York, and their positions on how the protection of civilians should be implemented on the ground, we draw attention to their agency in norm implementation at an international site. Military advisers provide links between national ministries and contingents in the field, while also competing for being recognized as competent performers of appropriate implementation practices. Drawing on an interpretivist analysis of data generated through an online survey, a half-day workshop and interviews with selected delegations,

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confidence: 86%

Implementation in practice: The use of force to protect civilians in United Nations peacekeeping

Bode

Karlsrud

2018

European Journal of International Relations

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“…Yet most analytical attention has focused on overcoming tokenism, reflecting awareness that peacekeeping effectiveness depends heavily on the number of deployed peacekeepers (Hultman et al, 2013) as well as the quality (Haass & Ansorg, 2018) and diversity (Bove et al, 2020) of large military contingents. Thus, studies have highlighted states moving from token to non-token contributions (e.g., Kenkel et al, 2020), investigated the efficacy of economic incentives to increase troop contributions (Henke, 2019;Boutton & D'Orazio, 2020), and assessed the potential for Western states to reemerge as substantial rather than token troop contributors (Raitasalo, 2014;Koops & Tercovich, 2016). Scholars have also increasingly addressed the methodological risk of token forces skewing quantitative analyses of the motivations of (major) TCCs (Coleman & Nyblade, 2018;Duursma & Gledhill, 2019), including by distinguishing between participation and contribution size (Kathman & Melin, 2017), excluding token contributions (Lundgren et al, 2021), or ascertaining the impact of token forces in robustness checks (Ward & Dorussen, 2016).…”

Section: The Theoretical Significance Of Un Token Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Token Forces

Coleman

2022

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Token forces – tiny national troop contributions in much larger coalitions – have become ubiquitous in UN peacekeeping. This Element examines how and why this contribution type has become the most common form of participation in UN peace operations despite its limited relevance for missions' operational success. It conceptualizes token forces as a path-dependent unintended consequence of the norm of multilateralism in international uses of military force. The norm extends states' participation options by giving coalition builders an incentive to accept token forces; UN-specific types of token forces emerged as states learned about this option and secretariat officials adapted to state demand for it. The Element documents the growing incidence of token forces in UN peacekeeping, identifies the factors disposing states to contribute token forces, and discusses how UN officials channel token participation. The Element contributes to the literatures on UN peacekeeping, military coalitions, and the impacts of norms in international organizations.

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“…The training scenario in the EU is more complex than in India, given that EU member states are contributing their troops not only through UN missions, but increasingly through other fora, such as NATO and since 2003 operate their own European Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions and operations (Koops & Tercovich, 2016). In comparison to India, the EU has thus alternative channels for mission deployments.…”

Section: Training Communities In India and The European Union -Comple...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This applies particularly to the Indian case, where the institute was established as a repository of India's experiences collected over the many years of its contribution of 'boots on the ground' since UN peacekeeping's inception in 1948. The ESDC's internal orientation, to 21 create a common understanding of CSDP missions, is reflecting the change in the EU's contribution to peacekeeping, which has been consolidated in the recent years, and now leans towards favouring of CSDP over UN missions (Koops & Tercovich, 2016). While this difference in internal missions has created practise communities with different activities, the analysis has identified some overlaps.…”

Section: Altering Structures Of the Training Communities Or Shifting ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Training for peace” – a universal practise? How micro processes are impacting the likelihood of an EU–India cooperation in peacekeeping

Klossek

2020

European Security

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Why have the EU and India been unable to explore the common potential of their partnership in peacekeeping training? Drawing upon the literature of practice theories and the concept of community of practices, as well as semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and peacekeeping trainers from India and the EU, policy documents and participant observation, the article explores the complementarity of structures of the EU's and India's training communities and discusses the implicit knowledge which is guiding the practices of actors. Thereby, the article moves away from offering structural explanations, such as diverging strategic interests, which have dominated the literature on the EU's external relations with Asia. Comparing the practice communities, the article finds substantial divergence in the material and ideational structure of training institutes. Moreover, the article illustrates that the disposition of actors in the Indian training community is characterized by the unspoken understanding that India's training philosophy is more compatible with other countries from the Global South. While both structures, as well as dispositions of actors are unfavourable vis-à-vis an EU-India partnership in peacekeeping training, the article concludes that by addressing familiarity gaps among training communities, divergences in structures and dispositions can be overcome.

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A European return to United Nations peacekeeping? Opportunities, challenges and ways ahead

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Implementation in practice: The use of force to protect civilians in United Nations peacekeeping

Implementation in practice: The use of force to protect civilians in United Nations peacekeeping

Token Forces

“Training for peace” – a universal practise? How micro processes are impacting the likelihood of an EU–India cooperation in peacekeeping

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