A European lightning density analysis using 5 years of ATDnet data

Anderson, Graeme; Klugmann, D.

doi:10.5194/nhess-14-815-2014

Cited by 116 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In general, densities vary between 0.5 and 4 flashes km −2 yr −1 over mainland Europe, while it is clear that the Scandinavian countries and the UK experience the least amount of lightning activity in Europe. This observed spatial distribution overlaps well with the results as observed previously over Europe by the satellite-based Optical Transient Detector (OTD; Christian et al, 2003) and the ground-based longrange UK Arrival Time Difference Network (ATDnet) (Anderson and Klugmann, 2014), although the extent of densities may differ to some degree. In Fig.…”

Section: Temporal Statisticssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Another approach to investigate the European lightning density in a more coherent way is by making use of a long-range VLF lightning network. This has been done by Anderson and Klugmann (2014), presenting the observations made by the Met Office Arrival Time Difference Network (ATDnet) over Europe. However, ATDnet's observations contain, similar to other VLF networks, a certain fraction of cloud signals in addition to CG lightning (Jacobson et al, 2006;Poelman et al, 2013b), which has not been accounted for in their analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Poelman

Schulz

Diendorfer

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

111

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Abstract. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data from the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) network over the period 2006-2014 are explored. Mean CG flash densities vary over the European continent, with the highest density of about 6 km −2 yr −1 found at the intersection of the borders between Austria, Italy and Slovenia. The majority of lightning activity takes place between May and September, accounting for 85 % of the total observed CG activity. Furthermore, the thunderstorm season reaches its highest activity in July, while the diurnal cycle peaks around 15:00 UTC. A difference between CG flashes over land and sea becomes apparent when looking at the peak current estimates. It is found that flashes with higher peak currents occur in greater proportion over sea than over land.

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Section: Temporal Statisticssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Poelman

Schulz

Diendorfer

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

111

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show abstract

“…Because convective gusts associated with thunderstorms occur predominantly in the summer half-year in Germany (and central Europe;Wapler, 2013;Anderson and Klugmann, 2014), our examinations were also restricted to that time period. As a result, a large fraction of turbulent gusts were already excluded in the data set.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany

Mohr

Kunz

Richter

et al. 2017

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Due to the small-scale and non-stationary nature of the convective wind gusts usually associated with thunderstorms, there is a considerable lack of knowledge regarding their characteristics and statistics. In an effort to remedy this situation, we investigated in this study a set of 110 climate stations of the German Weather Service between 1992 and 2014 to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution, intensity, and occurrence probability of convective gusts.Similar to thunderstorm activity, the frequency of convective gusts decreases gradually from southern to northern Germany. No further spatial structures, such as a relation to orography or climate conditions, can be identified regarding their strength or likelihood. Rather, high wind speeds of above 30 m s −1 can be expected everywhere in Germany with almost similar occurrence probabilities. A comparison of the 20-year return values of convective gusts with those of turbulent gusts demonstrates that the latter have higher frequencies, especially in northern Germany. However, for higher return periods, this effect can be reversed at some stations.The values of the convective gust factors are mainly in a range between 1 and 4 but can even reach values up to 10. Besides the dependency from the averaging time period of the mean wind, the values of the gust factors additionally depend on the event duration and the storm type, respectively.

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“…It means that even if more lightning occurs over land during summer, more LEP events are detected during winter inside the region of interest. This is probably due to the fact that LEPs over Europe are mostly initiated by lightning occurring over the Mediterranean, which has been shown to be more frequent during winter (Anderson and Klugmann, 2014). Furthermore, LEPs generated by lightning over land may occur at L ≈ 3 and then may be undetected inside the outer radiation belt electron background fluxes.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A statistical study over Europe of the relative locations of lightning and associated energetic burst of electrons from the radiation belt

Bourriez

Sauvaud

Pinçon³

et al. 2016

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. The DEMETER (Detection of Electro-MagneticEmissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) spacecraft detects short bursts of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) simultaneously with newly injected upgoing whistlers. The LEP occurs within < 1 s of the causative lightning discharge. First in situ observations of the size and location of the region affected by the LEP precipitation are presented on the basis of a statistical study made over Europe using the DEMETER energetic particle detector, wave electric field experiment, and networks of lightning detection (Météorage, the UK Met Office Arrival Time Difference network (ATDnet), and the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN)). The LEP is shown to occur significantly north of the initial lightning and extends over some 1000 km on each side of the longitude of the lightning. In agreement with models of electron interaction with obliquely propagating lightning-generated whistlers, the distance from the LEP to the lightning decreases as lightning proceed to higher latitudes.

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A European lightning density analysis using 5 years of ATDnet data

Cited by 116 publications

References 14 publications

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany

A statistical study over Europe of the relative locations of lightning and associated energetic burst of electrons from the radiation belt

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