A European aerosol phenomenology—1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe

Dingenen, Rita Van; Raes, Frank; Putaud, J. P.; Baltensperger, Urs; Charron, Aurélie; Facchini, M. C.; Decesari, Stefano; Fuzzi, S.; Gehrig, Robert; Hansson, H. C.; Harrison, Roy M.; Hüglin, Cristoph; Jones, Alan M.; Laj, Paolo; Lorbeer, G.; Maenhaut, Willy; Palmgren, Finn; Querol, Xavier; Rodrı́guez, Sergio; Schneider, Jürgen; Brink, H.M. ten; Tunved, Peter; Tørseth, Kjetil; Wehner, B.; Weingärtner, E.; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Wåhlin, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.040

Cited by 507 publications

(222 citation statements)

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“…The respective contribution to PM 2.5 was calculated equal to 14 % in Athens and 3674 E. Diapouli et al: AIRUSE-LIFE+ that the natural contribution to PM may range from 5 to 50 % in different European countries (Marelli, 2007). Background annual average PM 10 mass concentration for continental Europe is 7.0 ± 4.1 µg m −3 (Van Dingenen et al, 2004) and is attributed both to natural sources and anthropogenic longrange transported particles. This background level shows regional variations, and in some cases (in particular for the southern European countries) naturally emitted PM may contribute significantly, causing even exceedances of air quality standards (Pey et al, 2013;Querol et al, 2009Querol et al, , 1998Rodriguez et al, 2001).…”

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AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The contribution of natural sources to ambient air particulate matter (PM) concentrations is often not considered; however, it may be significant for certain areas and during specific periods of the year. In the framework of the AIRUSE-LIFE+ project, state-of-the-art methods have been employed for assessing the contribution of major natural sources (African dust, sea salt and forest fires) to PM concentrations, in southern European urban areas. 24 h measurements of PM 10 and PM 2.5 mass and chemical composition were performed over the course of a year in five cities: Porto, Barcelona, Milan, Florence and Athens. Net African dust and sea-salt concentrations were calculated based on the methodologies proposed by the EC (SEC 2011/208). The contribution of uncontrolled forest fires was calculated through receptor modelling. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the calculation of African dust was also performed, in order to identify major parameters affecting the estimated net dust concentrations. African dust contribution to PM concentrations was more pronounced in the eastern Mediterranean, with the mean annual relative contribution to PM 10 decreasing from 21 % in Athens, to 5 % in Florence, and around 2 % in Milan, Barcelona and Porto. The respective contribution to PM 2.5 was calculated equal to 14 % in Athens and from 1.3 to 2.4 % in all other cities. High seasonal variability of contributions was observed, with dust transport events occurring at different periods in the western and eastern Mediterranean basin. Sea salt was mostly related to the coarse mode and also exhibited significant seasonal variability. Sea-salt concentrations were highest in Porto, with average relative contributions equal to 12.3 % for PM 10 . Contributions from uncontrolled forest fires were quantified only for Porto and were low on an annual basis (1.4 and 1.9 % to PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively); nevertheless, contributions were greatly increased during events, reaching 20 and 22 % of 24 h PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations, respectively.

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AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

et al. 2017

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“…This has been shown earlier in many studies mostly based on measurements of the particle mass concentration. Recently, also the number concentration of fine particles measured at an urban background has been related to the traffic rate (Van Dingenen et al, 2004;Hussein et al, 2004). The size and concentrations of traffic related particles at roadsides have been widely studied during recent years.…”

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Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Number concentrations and size distributions of traffic related aerosol particles were measured at a roadside in Helsinki during two winter campaigns (10-26 February 2003, 28 January-12 February 2004 and two summer campaigns (12-27 August 2003, 6-20 August 2004. The measurements were performed simultaneously at distances of 9 m and 65 m from the highway. Total number concentrations were measured by a condensation particle counter (CPC) and particle size distributions by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). This study concentrates on data that were measured when the wind direction was from the road to the measurement site. The total concentrations in the wintertime were 2-3 times higher than in the summertime and the concentrations were dominated by nucleation mode particles. The particles smaller than 63 nm (aerodynamic diameter) constituted ∼90% of all particles in the wintertime and ∼80% of particles in the summer time. The particle total concentration increased with increasing traffic rate. The effect of traffic rate on particles smaller than 63 nm was stronger than on the larger particles. The particle distributions at the roadside consisted of two distinguishable modes. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) of nucleation mode (Mode 1) was 20.3 nm in summer and 18.9 nm in winter. The GMD of the larger mode consisting mostly of traffic related soot particles (Mode 2) was 72.0 nm in summer and 75.1 nm in winter. The GMD values of the modes did not depend on the traffic rate. The average particle density for each mode was determined by a parallel density fitting method based on the size distribution measurement made by ELPI and SMPS. The average density value for Mode 1 particles Correspondence to: A. Virtanen (annele.virtanen@tut.fi) was 1.0±0.13 g/cm 3 and 1.0±0.07 g/cm 3 both in summer and winter respectively, while the average density value for Mode 2 was 1.5±0.1 g/cm 3 and 1.8±0.3 g/cm 3 for summer and winter, respectively.

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“…The particulate matter is a mixture of organic and inorganic substances and it causes the air pollution. There is scientific work that show the high responsibility of the particulate matter for health effects [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LSPEnv: location-based service provider for environmental data

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Ragia

2008

Journal of Location Based Services

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Abstract. This paper presents an approach for forecasting environmental data for location based services. The environment becomes a very important issue and especially people with health problems need more information and support in their daily life. In this work we propose a system for making predictions for spatial-temporal variables using the Bayesian Network method as a machine learning. To handle the missing values in our data we use the Structural Expectation Maximization Algorithm. The architecture of our system is based on a three-tier architecture which assists the distribution of the evaluation process. The case study is based on real environmental data from the Swiss national network. The provided data represent different types of location, e.g. rural, urban, etc. and are taken in different time. The results can be presented on a mobile device, in Internet and to any mobile user.

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A European aerosol phenomenology—1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe

Cited by 507 publications

References 29 publications

AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2. 5</sub> concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2. 5</sub> concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

LSPEnv: location-based service provider for environmental data

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A European aerosol phenomenology—1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe

Cited by 507 publications

References 29 publications

AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

Winter and summer time size distributions and densities of traffic-related aerosol particles at a busy highway in Helsinki

LSPEnv: location-based service provider for environmental data

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AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2. 5</sub> concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values

AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2. 5</sub> concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values