A dynamically cold disk galaxy in the early Universe

Abstract

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ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Bright [C ii] 158 μm Lines from a Multiply Imaged Sub-L ⋆ Galaxy at z = 6.0719

“…Making full use of gravitational lensing, we investigate the spatial distributions of the [C II] line, rest-frame UV, and FIR continuum on the source plane, and compare them. In the context of similar studies so far at z ∼ 2-4 for bright, dusty, starburst galaxies (e.g., Swinbank et al 2010Swinbank et al , 2015Dye et al 2015;Spilker et al 2016;Rybak et al 2015;Tamura et al 2015;Hatsukade et al 2015;Rybak et al 2020;Rizzo et al 2020), and less massive galaxies (e.g., Dessauges-Zavadsky et al 2017, this is a first observation to resolve the ISM structure down to the sub-kpc scale for the sub-L * galaxy in the epoch of reionization.…”

“…We adopt r e and v rot from the source plane reconstruction of the [C II] line (Section 4.1) and the GALPAK3D results, respectively. We caution that the uncertainty of the inclination could remain at ∼30% even in the spatially resolved analysis (e.g., Rizzo et al 2020), and thus the uncertainty in the above M dyn estimate could be even larger.…”

The ALPINE-ALMA [C ii] Survey: kinematic diversity and rotation in massive star-forming galaxies at z ~ 4.4–5.9

“…While a multitude of galaxies at < 3 have been well characterized kinematically, it is only recently, with the advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), that we are able to characterize the kinematics of high redshift ( > 4) galaxies, using rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) emission lines. This includes the clumpy nature of ∼ 5 − 7 galaxies observed with ALMA in [CII] emission (e.g., Carniani et al 2018), rotational model fitting of ∼ 4 − 6 galaxies (e.g., De Breuck et al 2014;Shao et al 2017;Jones et al 2017;Rizzo et al 2020;Fraternali et al 2021), and even evidence for ordered rotation of galaxies at > 6 (Smit et al 2018;Bakx et al 2020). However, the number of galaxies at > 4 that are kinematically characterizable (i.e., observed with great enough S/N and resolution) is still much less than at < 4.…”

Speedy galaxy evolution

“…A handful of these systems now have resolved observations of their cold gas, which typically seems to be more spatially extended than the ongoing star formation. These massive galaxies are also rotating, and substantial fractions of the overall galaxy mass are in the gaseous component [Calistro Rivera et al, 2018, Rizzo et al, 2020. Lelli et al [2021] have now brought together many of these different tracers of galaxy evolution for the galaxy ALESS 073.1, which was an extremely active galaxy when the light that we observe was emitted, only 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang.…”

“…For these most distant galaxies, another approach is needed, and far-infrared observations of carbon, carbon monoxide, oxygen, or nitrogen are fast becoming the key method for tracing their gas [Hodge and da Cunha, 2020]. Such observations have provided evidence for rotation in massive galaxies at these epochs [Rizzo et al, 2020, Neeleman et al, 2020, suggesting that gas disks formed early in the Universes history.…”