A dynamic transport model for quantification of norovirus internalization in lettuce from irrigation water and associated health risk

Abstract

Food production using recycled wastewater offers a sustainable way forward in light of limited freshwater resources. However, concerns of food safety should be addressed to protect public health. To this end, we developed a dynamic transport model to track norovirus from the irrigation water to the root and shoot of lettuce during the growth period. These processes were embodied in a system of ordinary differential equations that also incorporated plant growth, transpiration rate, viral attachment and detachment to culture media, viral decay, and plant barrier effects. Model parameters were either obtained from the literature or through fitting the model to experimental data from a study reporting human norovirus transport in hydroponically grown lettuce. The results showed that lettuce grown hydroponically resulted in a higher risk than lettuce grown in soil. In both cases, the risk predicted failed to meet the risk benchmarks established by the U.S. EPA and WHO. Viral attachment to growth media, such as the soil particles, was an important mechanism for risk reduction. A sensitivity analysis revealed that harvesting time and irrigation time are important factors influencing the viral loads in lettuce. Hence, this pathogen transport model provides a framework for investigating the effects of time and other factors on disease burdens from water reuse in agriculture, underscoring the utility of a dynamic model. In the absence of a routine monitoring of contaminants in the recycled irrigation water and food crops, a quantitative risk assessment based on objective scientific knowledge is the best approach to guide the policy decisions on water reuse practices.

Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

“…A norovirus dose-response model based upon PCR-detected viral genome was developed and adopted in the risk analysis of stormwater harvesting for household uses and food crop irrigation [143]. They also showed the risk of viral transport from irrigation water through plant roots to edible portions even without direct contact with irrigation water [144]. Moreover, previous research showed that pathogen dose is the most sensitive parameter in the risk outcome [144].…”

“…They also showed the risk of viral transport from irrigation water through plant roots to edible portions even without direct contact with irrigation water [144]. Moreover, previous research showed that pathogen dose is the most sensitive parameter in the risk outcome [144]. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of risk estimations, the data in gaps in viral concentrations in treated wastewater and dose-response models incorporating multiple pathogens should be addressed.…”

Avaliação da ocorrência e co-ocorrência de >i<E. coli>/i<, >i<Salmonella>/i< sp. e norovírus em vegetais folhosos produzidos em sistemas convencionais e orgânicos

“…Os resultados mostraram que a alface hidropônica apresenta um maior risco de presença de Norovírus do que a cultivada em solo, porém em ambos os casos, o risco não atendeu ao preconizado e estabelecido pela EPA(Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos) e pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde). A análise revelou, ainda, que o tempo de colheita e tempo de irrigação influenciam as cargas virais em alface(CHANDRASEKARAN;JIANG, 2018). Outro estudo caracterizou a concentração e remoção de Norovírus Genogrupo II em águas residuais em duas estações de água do norte da Espanha a fim de desenvolver uma avaliação de risco microbiano para gastroenterite viral ocasionada por Norovírus Genogrupo II associada à ingestão de alface irrigada com água desses efluentes.…”