A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila

Pitman, Jena L.; McGill, Jermaine J.; Keegan, Kevin P.; Allada, Ravi

doi:10.1038/nature04739

Cited by 300 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…If so, for may play a role in higher-order reward pathways that mediate these individual behaviors. Interestingly, the mushroom bodies play a role in such complex behaviors, including courtship, courtship conditioning, spatial learning, aggression, and sleep (Zars 2000;Baier et al 2002;Joiner et al 2006;Pitman et al 2006). Accordingly, the role of the mushroom bodies in for-dependent larval reward learning hints at a role of for in more complex behaviors involving higher-order reward pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural variation in Drosophila larval reward learning and memory due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Kaun

Hendel²,

Gerber³

et al. 2007

Learn. Mem.

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Animals must be able to find and evaluate food to ensure survival. The ability to associate a cue with the presence of food is advantageous because it allows an animal to quickly identify a situation associated with a good, bad, or even harmful food. Identifying genes underlying these natural learned responses is essential to understanding this ability. Here, we investigate whether natural variation in the foraging (for) gene in Drosophila melanogaster larvae is important in mediating associations between either an odor or a light stimulus and food reward. We found that for influences olfactory conditioning and that the mushroom bodies play a role in this for-mediated olfactory learning. Genotypes associated with high activity of the product of for, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), showed greater memory acquisition and retention compared with genotypes associated with low activity of PKG when trained with three conditioning trials. Interestingly, increasing the number of training trials resulted in decreased memory retention only in genotypes associated with high PKG activity. The difference in the dynamics of memory acquisition and retention between variants of for suggests that the ability to learn and retain an association may be linked to the foraging strategies of the two variants.Learned associations such as identifying odors as indicators of food, or showing preferences for food-related odors, are conserved across diverse taxa from humans and mice to slugs, honeybees, and fruit flies (Ache and Young 2005). The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can use odors as cues for the presence of both a food reward and an aversive stimulus (Tempel et al. 1983;Scherer et al. 2003;Schwaerzel et al. 2003;Margulies et al. 2005;McGuire et al. 2005;Kim et al. 2007). Identifying genes underlying these natural learned responses is essential to understanding this ability. Here, we use classical reward conditioning to investigate how natural variation in the foraging (for) gene affects acquisition and decay of memory in D. melanogaster larvae.for encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) (Osborne et al. 1997). In mammals, PKG is important for proper induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) (Hartell 1994;Zhuo et al. 1994;Lev-Ram et al. 1997;Arancio et al. 2001;Fiel et al. 2003Fiel et al. , 2005Kleppisch et al. 2003;Hofmann et al. 2006). Although LTP and LTD are thought to be important mechanisms underlying learning and memory (Whitlock et al. 2006), few studies have shown a direct role for PKG in learning and memory. This study aims to do this by investigating how learning differs between allelic variants of for in Drosophila larvae.for is an ideal candidate to study how natural genetic variation can affect learning and memory, since natural for variants exist that have subtle but significant variations in PKG activity (Osborne et al. 1997). The rover variants of for (for R ) have higher for transcript levels and higher PKG activities compared with the sitter variants of for (for s ) (Osb...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural variation in Drosophila larval reward learning and memory due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Kaun

Hendel²,

Gerber³

et al. 2007

Learn. Mem.

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“…In addition to playing a critical role in olfactory learning (Erber et al, 1980;de Belle and Heisenberg, 1994;Krashes et al, 2007), MBs are also implicated in mediating or modulating some complex adaptive behaviors including visual context generalization (Liu et al, 1999), visual place learning (Mizunami et al, 1998d), choice behavior (Tang and Guo, 2001), courtship conditioning (McBride et al, 1999), and sleep (Joiner et al, 2006;Pitman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual and olfactory input segregation in the mushroom body calyces in a basal neopteran, the American cockroach

Nishino

Iwasaki

Yasuyama

et al. 2012

Arthropod Structure & Development

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The cockroach Periplaneta americana is an evolutionary basal neopteran insect, equipped with one of the largest and most elaborate mushroom bodies among insects.Using intracellular recording and staining in the protocerebrum, we discovered two new types of neurons that receive direct input from the optic lobe in addition to the neuron previously reported. These neurons have dendritic processes in the optic lobe, projection sites in the optic tracts, and send axonal terminals almost exclusively to the innermost layer of the MB calyces (input site of MB). Their responses were excitatory to visual but inhibitory to olfactory stimuli, and weak excitation occurred in response to mechanosensory stimuli to cerci. In contrast, interneurons with dendrites mainly in the antennal lobe projection sites send axon terminals to the middle to outer layers of the calyces. These were excited by various olfactory stimuli and mechanosensory stimuli to the antenna. These results suggest that there is general modality specific terminal segregation in the MB calyces and that this is an early event in insect evolution. Possible postsynaptic and presynaptic elements of these neurons are discussed.

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“…MBs have an inhibitory effect on locomotor activity but a stimulatory effect toward sleep (33,34). Genetic and transgenic manipulations of MBs, which lead to decreasing amounts of sleep, are often accompanied by a shortening of sleep episodes, and can thus be explained by a premature arousing signal (21,26,29,31,33,34).…”

Section: Meth-induced Wakefulness Does Not Involve Modulation Of Dda1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor mediates caffeine-induced arousal

Andretic

Kim

Jones

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The arousing and motor-activating effects of psychostimulants are mediated by multiple systems. In Drosophila, dopaminergic transmission is involved in mediating the arousing effects of methamphetamine, although the neuronal mechanisms of caffeine (CAFF)-induced wakefulness remain unexplored. Here, we show that in Drosophila, as in mammals, the wake-promoting effect of CAFF involves both the adenosinergic and dopaminergic systems. By measuring behavioral responses in mutant and transgenic flies exposed to different drug-feeding regimens, we show that CAFFinduced wakefulness requires the Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor (dDA1) in the mushroom bodies. In WT flies, CAFF exposure leads to downregulation of dDA1 expression, whereas the transgenic overexpression of dDA1 leads to CAFF resistance. The wakepromoting effects of methamphetamine require a functional dopamine transporter as well as the dDA1, and they engage brain areas in addition to the mushroom bodies.ptimal behavioral performance in humans and animals depends on an adequate arousal level, which often involves diffuse afferent inputs from the dopaminergic system. Caffeine (CAFF) displays strong arousing properties and is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world. CAFF competitively inhibits adenosine A1 and A2 receptors, antagonizing the effects of the sleep-promoting neuromodulator adenosine that accumulates during waking (1). CAFF also leads to increased dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in different striatal subcompartments, which has been linked to its activating and reinforcing effects (2-4).Although CAFF-induced wakefulness has been related to modulation of cholinergic and histaminergic arousal systems (5, 6), CAFF's induction of increased dopaminergic transmission and its effect on wakefulness have not been adequately examined. Animals with increased dopaminergic transmission, such as dopamine transporter (DAT) mutant mice, have decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep and increased sensitivity to the wake-promoting action of CAFF (7). Dopaminergic action on both the D1 and D2 receptors contributes to the alert waking state, based on the action of centrally administered D1 and D2 agonists in rodents (8). Molecularly, CAFF modulates D2 transcription in vitro and in vivo (9). Motor-activating effects of CAFF are diminished in D2R mutant mice (10, 11); however, the role of D2R in the arousing effect of CAFF remains unknown, and functional tests of the brain regions mediating these effects are lacking in mammals.We have shown previously that the wake-promoting effects of methamphetamine (METH) in Drosophila are mediated through dopaminergic transmission, indicating some evolutionary conservation in the behavioral and neurochemical effects of psychostimulants (12).Treatment of flies with CAFF induces wakefulness; however, the mechanism underlying this activity is currently unknown (13,14). In the present study, we investigate the role of dopamine signaling in the wake-inducing properties of CAFF and METH, with emphasis on the role of the Dr...

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A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila

Cited by 300 publications

References 29 publications

Natural variation in Drosophila larval reward learning and memory due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Natural variation in Drosophila larval reward learning and memory due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Visual and olfactory input segregation in the mushroom body calyces in a basal neopteran, the American cockroach

Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor mediates caffeine-induced arousal

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