A dynamic model of the frequency-dependent rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Huang, Yihe; Meng, Lingsen; Ampuero, Jean‐Paul

doi:10.5047/eps.2012.05.011

Cited by 50 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Rupture propagation to the trench may have been facilitated by strain accumulation due to subducted seamounts [Kennett et al, 2011;Matsubara and Obara, 2011;Duan, 2012]. Alternatively, the reflection of seismic waves in the accretionary wedge may have caused large transient stress changes on the fault [Huang et al, 2012] and possibly driven rupture regardless of the frictional stability of the shallow fault zone [Kozdon and Dunham, 2013]. Dramatic velocity weakening and low shear resistance at coseismic slip rates are observed in rock friction experiments Sawai et al, 2014;Remitti et al, 2015] and may explain the anomalous slip [Shibazaki et al, 2011;Mitsui et al, 2012;Noda and Lapusta, 2013;Cubas et al, 2015].…”

Section: 1002/2015jb012311mentioning

confidence: 99%

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Keren

Kirkpatrick

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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Fault damage zones record the integrated deformation caused by repeated slip on faults and reflect the conditions that control slip behavior. To investigate the Japan Trench décollement, we characterized the damage zone close to the fault from drill core recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 (Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST)). Core‐scale and microscale structures include phyllosilicate bands, shear fractures, and joints. They are most abundant near the décollement and decrease in density sharply above and below the fault. Power law fits describing the change in structure density with distance from the fault result in decay exponents (n) of 1.57 in the footwall and 0.73 in the hanging wall. Microstructure decay exponents are 1.09 in the footwall and 0.50 in the hanging wall. Observed damage zone thickness is on the order of a few tens of meters. Core‐scale structures dip between ~10° and ~70° and are mutually crosscutting. Compared to similar offset faults, the décollement has large decay exponents and a relatively narrow damage zone. Motivated by independent constraints demonstrating that the plate boundary is weak, we tested if the observed damage zone characteristics could be consistent with low‐friction fault. Quasi‐static models of off‐fault stresses and deformation due to slip on a wavy, frictional fault under conditions similar to the JFAST site predict that low‐friction fault produces narrow damage zones with no preferred orientations of structures. These results are consistent with long‐term frictional weakness on the décollement at the JFAST site.

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Section: 1002/2015jb012311mentioning

confidence: 99%

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Keren

Kirkpatrick

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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“…This software package allows us to accommodate all complexities that affect seismic-wave propagation, such as topography, lateral wavespeed variations, attenuation, anisotropy, absorbing conditions at model boundaries as well as a finite-source description. In particular, we use a kinematic source model, although the code also allows for dynamic rupture modeling (e.g., Madariaga et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2013). The input elements for the code are models of the wavespeed structure and of the seismic source.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possible limitation is that only a kinematic source model is considered. Thus, a dynamic rupture model, which can be handled by SPECFEM3D_Cartesian as well (e.g., Madariaga et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2013), could be helpful in future work to better capture the source complexity that affects the waveforms.…”

Section: Simulations With a 3d Model: Effects Of Geological Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectral-Element Simulations of Seismic Waves Generated by the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake

Magnoni¹,

Casarotti²,

Michelini³

et al. 2013

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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We adopt a spectral-element method (SEM) to perform numerical simulations of the complex wavefield generated by the 6 April 2009 M w 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake in central Italy. The mainshock is represented by a finite-fault solution obtained by inverting strong-motion and Global Positioning System data, testing both 1D and 3D wavespeed models for central Italy. Surface topography, attenuation, and the Moho discontinuity are also accommodated. Including these complexities is essential to accurately simulate seismic-wave propagation. Three-component synthetic waveforms are compared to corresponding velocimeter and strong-motion recordings. The results show a favorable match between data and synthetics up to ∼0:5 Hz in a 200 km × 200 km × 60 km model volume, capturing features mainly related to topography or low-wavespeed basins. We construct synthetic peak ground velocity maps that, for the 3D model, are in good agreement with observations, thus providing valuable information for seismic-hazard assessment. Exploiting the SEM in combination with an adjoint method, we calculate finite-frequency kernels for specific seismic arrivals. These kernels capture the volumetric sensitivity associated with the selected waveform and highlight prominent effects of topography on seismic-wave propagation in central Italy.

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“…Moreover, large shallow slip does not require frictional weakening of the megathrust all the way to the surface (Kozdon and Dunham, 2013). The free surface has at least three different effects that promote large shallow slip along a thrust fault (Oglesby et al, 1998;Huang et al, 2012;Kozdon and Dunham, 2013;Xu, Fukuyama, et al, 2015): permanent unclamping of the fault behind the rupture front, additional stress drop caused by reflected waves, and small resistance to slip at the fault's intersection with the surface (due to the small magnitudes of initial stress and cohesion compared to the dynamic stress changes). Regarding the third effect, sudden amplification of fault slip is often observed as the rupture just breaks the free surface.…”

Section: Full-crack and Half-crack Conceptual Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Crack Models Explain Deformation Induced by Subduction Zone Megathrust Earthquakes

Xu¹,

Fukuyama²,

Yue³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Following the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes, many studies have examined the relation between megathrust earthquakes and subsequent deformation. Here, we apply simple models based on mode II shear cracks, including approximated effects of the free surface to study induced deformation during coseismic and early postseismic stages. We distinguish between buried and surface ruptures represented by a full-crack and a half-crack model, respectively. We adopt an analogybased approach to interpret the half-crack model from well-known results of the full-crack model, which is also validated by our numerical simulations. With transferable knowledge between the two models, we provide easy ways to understand (1) the contrasting deformation patterns in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate between buried ruptures and surface ruptures, (2) the correlation between triggered outer-rise normal faulting and surface ruptures, and (3) the similar deformation patterns for both buried and surface ruptures toward the down-dip end, with a preference for normal faulting in the overriding plate and for reverse faulting in the subducting plate. These model outcomes are consistent with several recent observations on aftershocks and veins in a paleoaccretionary wedge. We further investigate some important transient features during rupture propagation which show that a transition from compressional to extensional deformation in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate is possible even during a single rupture event. Our work provides alternative views for understanding various aspects of subduction zone megathrust earthquakes and raises the issue of important transient features that were typically ignored in previous studies.

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A dynamic model of the frequency-dependent rupture process of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Cited by 50 publications

References 22 publications

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Spectral-Element Simulations of Seismic Waves Generated by the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake

Simple Crack Models Explain Deformation Induced by Subduction Zone Megathrust Earthquakes

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