A Dynamic CAPTCHA Based on Persistence of Vision

Electrode Kinetics of Vanadium Flow Batteries: Contrasting Responses of VII-VIIIand VIV-VVto Electrochemical Pretreatment of Carbon

“…Thermal [45][46][47][48][49] and chemical 36,40,43,44 treatments of electrodes for VFBs have been tested on a range of carbon-based electrodes and, in general, these treatments result in higher activities of the electrode toward the vanadium redox reactions. There are also a number of reports of the effect of electrochemical treatment of electrodes.…”

“…Anodic treatment of carbon felt was reported 22,36 to cause a decrease in the kinetic rates of the V IV -V V redox couple. In contrast, there are also reports of enhancement of V IV -V V kinetics after electrochemical oxidation [38][39][40][41] (of graphite and carbon felt electrodes) and of V II -V III kinetics after potential cycling 61 (of highly-oriented-pyrolytic-graphite and glassy carbon electrodes). However, in considering the effects of anodization on a carbon surface it must be borne in mind that carbon can corrode at anodic potentials and that this can sometimes lead to roughening of the surface with a consequent enhancement of electrode current.…”

“…These treatments often have the effect of oxidizing or reducing the surface, and the influence of surface oxygen species on electrochemical kinetics at carbon electrodes is recognized, 22,57-60 although often not well understood. Thermal 45-49 and chemical 36,40,43,44 treatments of electrodes for VFBs have been tested on a range of carbon-based electrodes and, in general, these treatments result in higher activities of the electrode toward the vanadium redox reactions. There are also a number of reports of the effect of electrochemical treatment of electrodes.…”

“…Cells typically have porous carbon electrodes and electrode performance can depend strongly on electrode treatment. Various electrochemical, [22][23][24][25][26][27][36][37][38][39][40][41] chemical, 36,40,43,44 and thermal [45][46][47][48][49] treatments have been reported. These treatments often have the effect of oxidizing or reducing the surface, and the influence of surface oxygen species on electrochemical kinetics at carbon electrodes is recognized, 22,[57][58][59][60] although often not well understood.…”

Analysis of Concentration Polarization Using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry in a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

“…However, carbon-based electrodes show a low electrocatalytic activity. For solutions to this issue, several approaches including heat-treatment, 15,16,17 oxidative acid treatment 18,19 and surface modification with metals 20,21 have been explored.…”