“…In recent years, the development of various novel labels, the advances in microfabrication technology, and the integration of different technologies have also contributed to advances in immunological assays, such as faster detection time, better detection performance, and easier methods for reading results, as well as making portable detection platforms based on LFIA, sensors and microfluidic chips accessible. [21][22][23][24][25][26] The antigen-antibody reaction is performed on the surface of the chip channel, at the sensing interface of the sensor, or on the paperbased material, and then the signal readout method is selected according to the properties of the labels. Immunological methods based on different labels share the most procedures of classical ELISA.…”