A dual-layer TOF-DOI detector block for whole-body PET

Liu, Ming; Li, Qing; Wang, Hong; Ramírez,; Zhang, Yuxuan; Baghaei,; Wong, K.F.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2011.6152540

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However the challenge of combining both features, without significant degradations and trade-offs, has yet to be realized. Many DOI detector concepts are now being reevaluated, to characterize and improve their timing performance, so that both TOF and DOI can be measured (Schaart et al 2009, Liu et al 2012, Wiener et al 2013, Cosentino et al 2012, Schmall et al 2014, Yeom et al 2014). Our approach is to use very fast scintillators in a stacked geometry, creating a depth-dependent change in signal shape, between layers, to encode the DOI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of stacked-crystal PET detector designs for measurement of both TOF and DOI

2015

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A PET detector with good timing resolution and two-level depth-of-interaction (DOI) discrimination can be constructed using a single-ended readout of scintillator stacks of Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3), with various Cerium dopant concentrations, including pure Cerium Bromide (CeBr3). The stacked crystal geometry creates a unique signal shape for interactions occurring in each layer, which can be used to identify the DOI, while retaining the inherently good timing properties of LaBr3 and CeBr3. In this work, single pixel elements are used to optimize the choice of scintillator, coupling of layers, and type of photodetector, evaluating the performance using a fast, single-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a single 4×4 mm2 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). We also introduce a method to quantify and evaluate the DOI discrimination accuracy. From signal shape measurements using fast waveform sampling, we found that in addition to differences in signal rise times, between crystal layers, there were also differences in the signal fall times. A DOI accuracy of 98% was achieved using our classification method for a stacked crystal pair, consisting of a 15-mm long LaBr3(Ce:20%) crystal on top of a 15-mm long CeBr3 crystal, readout using a PMT. A DOI accuracy of 95% was measured with a stack of two, identical, 12-mm long, CeBr3 crystals. The DOI accuracy of this crystal pair was reduced to 91% when using a SiPM for readout. For the stack of two, 12-mm long, CeBr3 crystals, a coincidence timing resolution (average of timing results from the top and bottom layer) of 199 ps was measured using a PMT, and this was improved to 153 ps when using a SiPM. These results show that with stacked LaBr3/CeBr3 scintillators and fast waveform sampling nearly perfect DOI accuracy can be achieved with excellent timing resolution—timing resolution that is only minimally degraded compared to results from a single CeBr3 crystal of comparable length to the stacked crystals. The interface in the stacked crystal geometry itself plays a major role in creating the differences in signal shape and this can be used to construct stacked DOI detectors using the same scintillator type, thereby simplifying and broadening the application of this technique.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of stacked-crystal PET detector designs for measurement of both TOF and DOI

2015

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“…Further, the investigation of the new pentagon-shape detector module, instead of the conventional square-shaped block detector module for conventional PET [13][14][15], was critical for the dodecahedron brain PET. Last, we presented the conceptual pentagonal detectors based on the PMT-light-sharing scheme.…”

Section: H Shi Et Al / Design Study Of Dedicated Brain Pet With Polmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design study of dedicated brain PET with polyhedron geometry

Han

et al. 2015

THC

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Abstract. BACKGROUND: Despite being the conventional choice, whole body PET cameras with a 76 cm diameter ring are not the optimal means of human brain imaging. OBJECTIVE: In fact, a dedicated brain PET with a better geometrical structure has the potential to achieve a higher sensitivity, a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and a better imaging performance. METHODS: In this study, a polyhedron geometrical dedicated brain PET (a dodecahedron design) is compared to three other candidates via their geometrical efficiencies by calculating the Solid Angle Fractions (SAF); the three other candidates include a spherical cap design, a cylindrical design, and the conventional whole body PET. RESULTS: The spherical cap and the dodecahedron have an identical SAF that is 58.4% higher than that of a 30 cm diameter cylinder and 5.44 times higher than that of a 76 cm diameter cylinder. The conceptual polygon-shape detectors (including pentagon and hexagon detectors based on the PMT-light-sharing scheme instead of the conventional square-shaped block detector module) are presented for the polyhedron PET design. Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to validate the detector decoding. CONCLUSIONS:The results show that crystals in a pentagon-shape detector can be successfully decoded by Anger Logic. The new detector designs support the polyhedron PET investigation.

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“…For instance, Ito et al constructed multilayer detectors with off-center crystals and acquired the DOI by identifying the different decoding positions in flood map histograms [11], [12]. The multimaterial methods distinguish different light output characteristics, such as the differences in decay time, and thus achieve discrete DOI decoding [13], [14]. However, DOI detectors with multiple-layer crystals are difficult to construct and costly, and their DOI capabilities are limited by the number of layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of Interaction Measurements Based on Rectangular Light Sharing Window Technology and Nine-Crystals-to-One-SiPM Coupling Method

Zhang

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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Depth of interaction (DOI) decoding capability shows great application potential for positron emission tomography (PET), especially for high-resolution small-animal PET or long axial field of view PET systems. On the basis of GATE optical simulation results, we presented a novel 9×9 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate array with 10-mm rectangular light-sharing windows (RLSWs) and assembly the detector with nine crystals coupled to one silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) method; this caused DOI-related position shifts in the crystal decoding spots of the flood map. Homogeneous radiation was used to establish transfer functions to convert spot shifts into DOI measurements. The conventional collimated radiation experiments were used to assess the accuracy of the DOI measurements. Flood map results show that 81 segmented crystals can be clearly resolved, including 16 crystals adjacent to two RLSW windows (M-type), 40 crystals adjacent to one RLSW window (E-type), and 25 crystals not adjacent to any RLSW window (C-type). The mean absolute error of all DOI-capable crystals, M-type crystals, and E-type crystals are 2.15 ± 0.61, 1.95 ± 0.50, and 2.23 ± 0.63 mm, respectively. The novel nine-crystals-to-one-SiPM coupling technology is a low cost approach for constructing high-performance DOI detector modules. Detectors using nine-crystals-to-one-SiPM coupling technology are good candidates for high-resolution preclinical PET and for total-body PET.

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A dual-layer TOF-DOI detector block for whole-body PET

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Characterization of stacked-crystal PET detector designs for measurement of both TOF and DOI

Characterization of stacked-crystal PET detector designs for measurement of both TOF and DOI

Design study of dedicated brain PET with polyhedron geometry

Depth of Interaction Measurements Based on Rectangular Light Sharing Window Technology and Nine-Crystals-to-One-SiPM Coupling Method

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