Nanoparticle-based
fluorescent probes, typically fabricated by
a chemical synthesis route, have been widely used for monitoring trace
heavy metals in environments. However, the high-cost and complicated,
aggressive fabrication processes restrict their widespread application.
In this work, we report the first use of biogenic quantum dots (Bio-QDs)
as a highly sensitive, low-cost fluorescent probe for label-free detection
of mercury ions (Hg2+), with comparable performance to
conventional chemically synthesized counterparts. Fluorescent Bio-QDs
with uniform sizes (1.6 ± 0.3 nm) and unique core–shell
structure (CdS
x
Se1–x
core and protein- and phosphate-rich capping) were
assembled by Escherichia coli cells. The Bio-QDs
were extracted and directly used as a Hg2+ probe, which
exhibited sensitive, linear fluorescent response to Hg2+ concentration in the range of 1.5–100 nM. Interestingly,
it even enable a naked-eye detection of Hg2+ in a higher
concentration range of 0.1–10 μM by simply raising the
Bio-QD load. The underlying detection mechanisms, involving substitution
of the Cd atoms with Hg from water, were revealed by Raman spectra,
X-ray absorption fine structure, and density functional theory calculations.
Our work implies a high potential of green-synthesized Bio-QDs for
environmental monitoring applications, which may not only broaden
the application ranges of Bio-QDs, but also advance the development
of environmental analytical techniques toward higher sustainability.