It is of great significance to locate faults quickly and accurately in power distribution system to improve system reliability and recover quickly. With high positioning accuracy, strong anti-interference ability in mountainous areas and cities, and the ability to provide all-weather and all-round services, the BeiDou-3 (BD3) navigation satellite system has broad application prospects in power systems. Using the filtering principle of normalized least mean square (NLMS) filter, a high-precision positioning method for BD3 system based on adaptive optimization is propose to eliminate the pseudo-range error caused by electromagnetic interference. Simulation results show that NLMS-based adaptive pseudo-range filtering method can availably decrease the pseudo-range error caused by high proportional electromagnetic interference in the power system, achieve adaptive optimization of power system device positioning, and improve positioning accuracy.