A Double-Label Radioactive Tracer Analysis of the Retention of Selected Fats on Cotton and its Relation to Yellowing

Sontag, M. Suzanne; Purchase, Mary E.; Smith, B. F.

doi:10.1177/004051757004000607

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…These polar components were much more easily removed from the cotton and polyester fabrics than was the nonpolar triolein, agreeing with previous research [3,4,9,13,16,17]. The removal of both polar and nonpolar components was similar for the acrylic and nylon fabrics.…”

Section: Response Surfacessupporting

confidence: 90%

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Prato

Morris

1984

Textile Research Journal

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Response surface methodology was used to visualize the interactive effects of detergent concentration, agitation time, and wash temperature on removal of soil from fabrics. Plots of the whiteness index of fabrics after repeated soiling and laundering indicated that maximum whiteness occurred at approximately 0.20% detergent concentration. The wash temperature required for maximum whiteness varied with fabric type. Changes in length of agitation time within the limits of the study had a minor effect on soil removal. Labeled components of synthetic sebum could be completely removed from acrylic and nylon fabrics. Both polar and nonpolar components became trapped in the cotton fibers. Removal of nonpolar triolein from polyester was incomplete and decreased as wash temperature increased. Particulate soil, as measured by x-ray fluorescence of silicon, could be completely removed from all fabrics except the acrylic.Detergent concentration, wash temperature, and agitation time are variables that are easily controlled in the home laundering process and are known to affect soil removal from fabrics. Because each of these variables or factors influences molecular activity within the wash system, one expects the response function for one factor is not independent of the levels of the other factors. Most soil removal studies to date have looked at the effects of varying only one factor at a time; however, when factors are interrelated, using response surface methodology provides a more accurate picture than varying factors independently.In this study we examined and described the combined effects of detergent concentration, agitation time, and wash temperature on soil removal from four fabrics of different fiber types. We used multiple regression analyses and computer plotting capabilities to determine and visualize the relative importance of the factors and the combinations of factors providing optimum soil removal. We measured soil remaining on the fabrics after laundering in a general manner by determining the fabric whiteness. We obtained information on specific components of the soil remaining using radioactive labeling and x-ray fluorescence techniques. experimental DESIGN A central composite second order rotatable design with three variables was used for this experiment [2].

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Section: Response Surfacessupporting

confidence: 90%

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Prato

Morris

1984

Textile Research Journal

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“…7a. The washing of clothes had been studied by a number of researchers, and it is usually carried out in alkaline conditions at pH values ranging from 10 to 11 [12,23,24]. The present experimental situation agreed entirely with those of earlier cloth detergency studies.…”

Section: Relationship Between the Removal Rate And Composition Of Thesupporting

confidence: 83%

Oily Grime Formed on Hard Surfaces of Kitchen Appliances: (Part 2) Kinetics of Oily Grime Removal

Yamada

Tsutsui

Natsuhara

et al. 2007

J Surfact & Detergents

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The oily grime adsorbed to the surfaces of kitchen appliances ages to become difficult to remove using normal dishwashing detergents. Artificial grime models similar to actual grime were prepared using composition data of the oily grime obtained in previous work. To evaluate typical cleaning products, one needs to observe their efficacy against actual and artificial grime using precise and objective evaluation methods. In the present work, the kinetic method was applied to actual kitchen grime. The grime-removal rate constants were calculated by monitoring absorbance of the cleaning fluids, and the results are discussed based on the compositions of the detergents and grime. One commercial detergent, with pH adjusted to 9.7, consisted mainly of spirit solvent and had two rate constants, k 1 (fast) and k 2 (slow), which indicated the removal rates of THF-soluble and THF-insoluble oily grime, respectively. With a second commercial detergent that contained mainly an alkali agent at pH 11.8, the removal rates were extremely fast for both THF-soluble and THF-insoluble grime. The alkalinity worked effectively against both types of grime. The effects on the removal rates of various ingredients that could be added to the cleaning products were also investigated and the overall removal rates were highly dependent on the pH of the fluids and slightly dependent on the kinds of alkalies used. The present kinetic method was found to be useful for evaluating the capability of the detergents. The plural rate constants observed for a single grime sample, which previously were not well understood, could be interpreted in terms of the compositions of the grime.

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“…In contrast to fatty acids, triglycerides are generally difficult to remove by laundering (35)(36)(37)(38)(39). Retention of triglycerides becomes more severe with successive soilings and washing.…”

Section: Selective Removal Of Oily Soils Upon Washingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retention of triglycerides becomes more severe with successive soilings and washing. This difference in removal properties has been attributed to the nonpolar nature of triglycerides and to soap formation of fatty acids at the alkalinity of some washing conditions, i.e., pH of 10-11 (37,38,40). Soap formation due to the presence of fatty acids aids removal of other oily soils as well.…”

Section: Selective Removal Of Oily Soils Upon Washingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging of oily soils on textile materials: A literature review

Chi

Obendorf

1998

J Surfact & Detergents

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Literature covering the problems of oily soil aging on textile materials is reviewed. Difficulty of soil removal and discoloration of oily soiled fabrics were the main problems of aged oily soil reported by researchers. Yellowing of fabrics is attributed mainly to residual oily soils although there are other causes. Oxidation of unsaturated oils was suggested as the cause of problems related to aging of oily soils; thus, the autoxidation mechanisms of unsaturated lipids are an important part of this review. The effects of aging on oily soil removal are attributed to this oxidation of unsaturated oils, wicking of oils into small capillaries within the yarn structure, and possible chemical linkages of aged oils with fibers. Thus, included in this review are studies on the interactions between lipid oxidation products and proteins that suggest interaction between aged oily soils and fiber substrates. JSD 1, 407-418 (1998).

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A Double-Label Radioactive Tracer Analysis of the Retention of Selected Fats on Cotton and its Relation to Yellowing

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Soil Remaining on Fabrics after Laundering as Evaluated by Response Surface Methodology

Oily Grime Formed on Hard Surfaces of Kitchen Appliances: (Part 2) Kinetics of Oily Grime Removal

Aging of oily soils on textile materials: A literature review

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