“…A wide variety of multi-objective optimization algorithms (MOEAs), such as SPEA [52], SPEA2 [54], PAES [30], NSGA-II [13], IBEA [55], MSOPS [25], SMS-EMOA [16,2], MOEA/D [49,50] and MDMOEA [56], have been proposed and successfully applied to a number of real-world multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs). In addition, independent strategies have also been proposed to improve the efficiencies of MOEAs [17,45,48,6,37,46]. However, the theoretical foundations of this area are still very weak.…”