We evaluated whether four recombinant antigens previously used for vaccination against experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) major could also induce protective immunity against a challenge with Leishmania ( The protozoan parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis commonly causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); however, a chronic mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) may develop in some infected individuals, with severe and progressive manifestations (reviewed in reference 11). At present, this species accounts for more than 90% of the 28,712 annual cases of CL and ML recorded in Brazil in 2004 (7). Although chemotherapies for CL and ML do exist, there are several limitations: (i) drug treatment is rarely affordable by those who need them, (ii) drug treatment requires daily injections of the drug for weeks, (iii) drug treatment can be associated with side effects, and (iv) drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem (13, 24; reviewed in references 3 and 32). To make matters worse, control of CL and ML is problematic due to the sylvatic nature of both vectors and reservoirs, making insecticide spraying and the elimination of reservoirs particularly difficult (26). Due to these difficulties, in the long run, the development of an effective vaccine may help both the prevention and the treatment of CL and ML caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.Most studies conducted thus far in vaccination against CL used genes and/or antigens isolated and characterized from Leishmania (Leishmania) major or L. (L.) amazonensis (8, 31; reviewed in references 9 and 21). Among the leading candidates to the development of a vaccine against CL, there are homologues of the receptor for activated C kinase protein (LACK or p36), Leishmania elongation and initiation factor (LeIF), L. (L.) major stress inducible protein 1 (LmSTI1), and thiol-specific antioxidant (TSA) from L. (L.) major (5, 6, 10, 14, 15, 28, and 30).Based on these promising prospects, the present study was designed to test whether four recombinant antigens previously used for vaccination against experimental infection with L. (L.) major (LACK, LmSTI1, LeIF, and TSA) could also generate protective immunity against an intradermal (i.d.) challenge with L. (V.) braziliensis. We considered this question very important because, as mentioned above, this species is responsible for most cases of CL and ML in Brazil and in the New World.