A DNA‐Based Approach for the Forensic Identification of Asiatic Black Bear (<i>Ursus thibetanus</i>) in a Traditional Asian Medicine*

Peppin, Lindsay; McEwing, Ross; Carvalho, Gary R.; Ogden, Rob

doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00857.x

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…SNP testing has been shown to work on fragmented and highly degraded DNA [91,120] and can be applied to traditional medicines where there is potential for degraded DNA from CITES listed species. SNP based testing has already been developed for such species as bear [124] and tiger [125][126][127] and research is currently underway to create multiplex tests able to identify multiple CITES listed species simultaneously [120]. The difficulty with testing traditional medicines is that often species are substituted that are not on the CITES list or given international protection.…”

Section: Examples Of Snp Testingmentioning

confidence: 98%

DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification

Tobe

Linacre

2010

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Species identification has become a tool in the investigation of acts of alleged wildlife crimes. This review details the steps required in DNA testing in wildlife crime investigations and highlights recent developments where not only can individual species be identified within a mixture of species but multiple species can be identified simultaneously. 'What species is this?' is a question asked frequently in wildlife crime investigations. Depending on the material being examined, DNA analysis may offer the best opportunity to answer this question. Species testing requires the comparison of the DNA type from the unknown sample to DNA types on a database. The areas of DNA tested are on the mitochondria and include predominantly the cytochrome b gene and the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Standard analysis requires the sequencing of part of one of these genes and comparing the sequence to that held on a repository of DNA sequences such as the GenBank database. Much of the DNA sequence of either of these two genes is conserved with only parts being variable. A recent development is to target areas of those sequences that are specific to a species; this can increase the sensitivity of the test with no loss of specificity. The benefit of targeting species specific sequences is that within a mixture of two of more species, the individual species within the mixture can be identified. This identification would not be possible using standard sequencing. These new developments can lead to a greater number of samples being tested in alleged wildlife crimes.

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Section: Examples Of Snp Testingmentioning

confidence: 98%

DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification

Tobe

Linacre

2010

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Species identification may be used in cases of illegal poaching in order to identify trace evidence in the field or from a suspect's possessions (Gupta et al 2005). It has also been widely applied to the identification of traded products that have lost identifying morphological characters, such as processed wood (Deguilloux et al 2002), traditional medicines (TMs) (Hsieh et al 2003, Wetton et al 2004, Peppin et al 2008) and shark fins (Shivji et al 2002, Chapman et al 2003.Genetic species identification relies on the isolation and analysis of DNA markers that show variation among species, but are generally conserved within species. In animals, the most commonly used markers are gene regions within mitochondrial DNA, particularly cytochrome b (Parson et al 2000) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) (Hebert et al 2003a,b), as their mutation rates roughly coincide with the rate of species evolution.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Wildlife DNA forensics—bridging the gap between conservation genetics and law enforcement

Ogden¹,

Dawnay²,

McEwing³

2009

Endang. Species. Res.

174

166

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Wildlife DNA forensics is an applied field that has emerged from a synthesis of conservation genetic research and forensic genetic practice to meet the increasing need for investigative tools in wildlife law enforcement. This review describes the principal technologies and applications available to wildlife forensic geneticists, focussing on the four most common casework questions: What species is it? Where did it come from? Who did it come from? Was it captive bred? The conversion of established research tools into forensic identification systems is discussed, explaining the need for method validation at each stage of the analytical process, from sample collection to data analysis. The requirement for wildlife DNA forensic analysis to be performed under equivalent quality assurance standards to those of human forensic genetics is highlighted and approaches for the interpretation and presentation of DNA evidence are described. A perspective is provided on the potential for new genetic techniques and their future role in the increasingly complex fight to enforce the protection of endangered species. The review concludes with a number of recommendations for promoting a unified, rigorous approach to the development and application of wildlife DNA forensic techniques. KEY WORDS: Wildlife crime · Legal · Illegal trade · Poaching · CITES · Species identification · DNA profiling · Population assignment Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Contribution to the Theme Section 'Forensic methods in conservation research' OPEN PEN ACCESS CCESSEndang Species Res 9: [179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195] vidual identity of a sample. The subject has developed in parallel to human forensic genetics and has benefited from the horizontal transfer of molecular and statistical techniques; however, it remains a highly specialist area with its own distinct set of challenges, situated between wildlife conservation research and applied forensic science. With the development of national and international legislation to protect everdiminishing habitat and species diversity, DNA forensics is now becoming a key investigative tool to combat wildlife crime. At the same time, the way in which DNA evidence is generated and presented in court is coming under renewed scrutiny. This review introduces the subject of wildlife DNA forensics, highlighting the potential advantages and pitfalls surrounding this emerging field, and aims to provide recommendations for promoting a unified, rigorous approach to the development and application of wildlife DNA forensic techniques. HISTORYThe use of genetic analysis to identify non-human evidence began shortly after the first DNA fingerprints were applied to human forensic investigation (Gill et al. 1985). The realization that the same technique could allow familial identification in birds (Burke & Bruford 1987) rapidly led to the use of these methods to verify captive breeding claims in cases where wild bird thef...

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“…In addition, DNA barcoding strategies are now being applied for other groups of organisms including plants (CBOL Plant Working Group 2009;Goa et al 2010), macroalgae (Saunders 2005), fungi (Seifert et al 2007;Stockinger et al 2010), protists (Chantangsi et al 2007), and bacteria (Sogin et al 2006). Furthermore, DNA barcoding has gained wide application in forensic analysis to investigate cases of illegal poaching (Eaton et al 2009), separation of species (Wilson-Wilde et al 2010), gut content analysis in ecological studies (Smith et al 2005;Berry et al 2007;Clare et al 2009), food product analysis and market substitution (Wong and Hanner 2008;Cohen et al 2009), and Asian medicine trade regulation (Peppin et al 2008). DNA barcoding has also been employed to validate the identity of biomaterial collections and cell lines (Lorenz et al 2005;Cooper et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

DNA barcoding discriminates freshwater fishes from southeastern Nigeria and provides river system-level phylogeographic resolution within some species

et al. 2011

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Background and aims: Fishes are the main animal protein source for human beings and play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems and food webs. Fish identification can be challenging, especially in the tropics (due to high diversity), and this is particularly true for larval forms or fragmentary remains. DNA barcoding, which uses the 5 0 region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI ) as a target gene, is an efficient method for standardized species-level identification for biodiversity assessment and conservation, pending the establishment of reference sequence libraries. Materials and methods: In this study, fishes were collected from three rivers in southeastern Nigeria, identified morphologically, and imaged digitally. DNA was extracted, PCR-amplified, and the standard barcode region was bidirectionally sequenced for 363 individuals belonging to 70 species in 38 genera. All specimen provenance data and associated sequence information were recorded in the barcode of life data systems (BOLD; www.barcodinglife.org). Analytical tools on BOLD were used to assess the performance of barcoding to identify species.Results: Using neighbor-joining distance comparison, the average genetic distance was 60-fold higher between species than within species, as pairwise genetic distance estimates averaged 10.29% among congeners and only 0.17% among conspecifics. Despite low levels of divergence within species, we observed river system-specific haplotype partitioning within eight species (11.4% of all species). Conclusion: Our preliminary results suggest that DNA barcoding is very effective for species identification of Nigerian freshwater fishes.

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A DNA‐Based Approach for the Forensic Identification of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) in a Traditional Asian Medicine*

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification

DNA typing in wildlife crime: recent developments in species identification

Wildlife DNA forensics—bridging the gap between conservation genetics and law enforcement

DNA barcoding discriminates freshwater fishes from southeastern Nigeria and provides river system-level phylogeographic resolution within some species

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