A Diversity of Cell Types, Subtypes and Phenotypes in the Central Nervous System: The Importance of Studying Their Complex Relationships

Tremblay, Marie‐Ève

doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.628347

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Recently, emerging data have shown the presence of NP expression of Iba1-positive cells in the brains of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and even COVID-19 patients with microgliosis ( 32 , 50 , 51 ). Activation of microglia could render individuals more at risk of developing neurological and psychiatric complications, even after complete clinical recovery from the infection ( 52 ). In addition, dysfunctional or aberrant microglial activity could severely impair cognitive functions, including judgment, decision making, learning, and memory ( 53 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

Jeong

Lyu²,

Kim

et al. 2022

Microbiol Spectr

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

Jeong

Lyu²,

Kim

et al. 2022

Microbiol Spectr

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show abstract

“…Recently, emerging data have shown the presence of NP expression of Iba1-positive cells in brains of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and even COVID-19 patients with microgliosis (32, 48, 49). Activation of microglia could render individuals more at risk of developing neurological and psychiatric complications, even after complete clinical recovery from the infection (50). Also, dysfunctional or aberrant microglial functions could severely impair cognitive functions, including judgment, decision making, learning, and memory (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Pro-inflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

Jeong

Lyu²,

Kim

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Accumulating evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes various neurological symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The most dominant immune cells in the brain are microglia. Yet, the relationship between neurological manifestations, neuroinflammation, and host immune response of microglia to SARS-CoV-2 has not been well characterized. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human microglia, eliciting M1-like pro-inflammatory responses, followed by cytopathic effects. Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 infected human microglial clone 3 (HMC3), leading to inflammatory activation and cell death. RNA-seq analysis also revealed that ER stress and immune responses were induced in the early and apoptotic processes in the late phase of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2-infected HMC3 showed the M1 phenotype and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. After this pro-inflammatory activation, SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted both intrinsic and extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptosis in HMC3. Using K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, murine microglia were also infected by intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. This infection induced the acute production of pro-inflammatory microglial IL- 6 and TNF-α and provoked a chronic loss of microglia. Our findings suggest that microglia are potential mediators of SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological problems and, consequently, can be targets of therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases in COVID-19 patients.

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“…The human brain is comprised of a combination of distinct cellular subtypes with a diverse range of specialized functions such as electrical communication, axonal ensheating and metabolic coupling [ 42 ]. These include, but are not limited to neurons, which are the primary functional cells of the brain classified via their associated neurotransmitters, and glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, which are all critical for maintaining homeostasis and working function in the CNS [ 43 ].…”

Section: Ipsc-derived Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regenerative Neurology and Regenerative Cardiology: Shared Hurdles and Achievements

Mitrečić

Hribljan

Jagečić

et al. 2022

IJMS

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From the first success in cultivation of cells in vitro, it became clear that developing cell and/or tissue specific cultures would open a myriad of new opportunities for medical research. Expertise in various in vitro models has been developing over decades, so nowadays we benefit from highly specific in vitro systems imitating every organ of the human body. Moreover, obtaining sufficient number of standardized cells allows for cell transplantation approach with the goal of improving the regeneration of injured/disease affected tissue. However, different cell types bring different needs and place various types of hurdles on the path of regenerative neurology and regenerative cardiology. In this review, written by European experts gathered in Cost European action dedicated to neurology and cardiology-Bioneca, we present the experience acquired by working on two rather different organs: the brain and the heart. When taken into account that diseases of these two organs, mostly ischemic in their nature (stroke and heart infarction), bring by far the largest burden of the medical systems around Europe, it is not surprising that in vitro models of nervous and heart muscle tissue were in the focus of biomedical research in the last decades. In this review we describe and discuss hurdles which still impair further progress of regenerative neurology and cardiology and we detect those ones which are common to both fields and some, which are field-specific. With the goal to elucidate strategies which might be shared between regenerative neurology and cardiology we discuss methodological solutions which can help each of the fields to accelerate their development.

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A Diversity of Cell Types, Subtypes and Phenotypes in the Central Nervous System: The Importance of Studying Their Complex Relationships

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Proinflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Pro-inflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell Death

Regenerative Neurology and Regenerative Cardiology: Shared Hurdles and Achievements

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