A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context

Howard, Marc W.; Kahana, Michael J.

doi:10.1006/jmps.2001.1388

Cited by 978 publications

(1,538 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The question of what information subjects use to order report has been confused in the literature with the mechanism by which the information is used. For example, several accounts associate a series of temporal cues with items to be reported, and by rerunning the temporal series, order recall by recovering the associated items (Brown et al, 2000;Howard & Kahana, 2002). In our view, such a theoretical move focuses too much on environmental information at the expense of internal information associated with the way words and their associates are stored.…”

Section: Memory As a Hologrammentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

123

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Section: Memory As a Hologrammentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A third alternative could be formulated on the basis of unitary theories of memory that reject the distinction between working memory and episodic long-term memory, such as the SIMPLE model of memory (Brown et al, 2007) or the temporal-context model (Howard & Kahana, 2002;Sederberg, Gershman, Polyn, & Norman, 2011). These models share with SOB-CS the assumption that representations of events are associated to a context evolving over time.…”

Section: Alternative Theories Of Complex Spanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of information in working memory: Encoding and removal of distractors in the complex-span paradigm

Oberauer

Lewandowsky

2016

Cognition

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“…These theories assume that the most recent items are more temporally distinct (Brown et al, 2007;Glenberg & Swanson, 1986), or are associated with temporal contexts that are more similar to the end of list (Howard & Kahana, 2002;Polyn, Norman & Kahana, 2009;Tan & Ward, 2000;Ward, 2002;Ward & Tan, 2004) than earlier list items.…”

Section: The Importance Of the Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

First things first: Similar list length and output order effects for verbal and nonverbal stimuli.

Cortis¹,

Dent²,

Kennett³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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When participants are presented with a short list of unrelated words and they are instructed that they may recall in any order, they nevertheless show a very strong tendency to recall in forward serial order. Thus, if asked to recall in any order: "hat, mouse, tea, stairs", participants often respond "hat, mouse, tea, stairs" even though there was no forward order requirement of the task. In four experiments, we examined whether this tendency is language-specific, reflecting mechanisms involved with speech perception, speech production, and / or verbal short-term memory.Specifically, we examined whether we would observe similar findings when participants were asked to recall, in any order, lists of between 1 and 15 non-verbal stimuli, such as visuo-spatial locations (Experiment 1, Experiment 3, Experiment 4), or touched facial locations (Experiment 2).Contrary to a language-specific explanation, we found corresponding tendencies (albeit somewhat reduced) in the immediate free recall of these non-verbal stimuli. We conclude that the tendency to initiate recall of a short sequence of items with the first item is a general property of memory, which may be augmented by verbal coding. wordsKeywords: free recall; visuo-spatial memory; tactile memory; verbal short-term memory; serial order 3 Recently, Ward, Tan, and Grenfell-Essam (2010) reported the first systematic investigation into an experimental finding that was first reported by Corballis (1967) and then again by Neath and Crowder (1996). When participants are asked to recall a short list of words in any order, such as:"hat, mouse, tea, stairs", they often respond in forward serial order (that is, they recall "hat, mouse, tea, stairs"), even though there was no forward order requirement of the task. Ward et al. argued that this finding was important for two reasons. First, the finding encouraged greater theoretical integration between the otherwise divergent immediate free recall (IFR) and immediate serial recall (ISR) literatures. Second, the finding is potentially difficult to explain by many theories of IFR that emphasize the importance of explaining recency effects (that is, the high accessibility of items presented toward the end of a list). Third, the finding adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests that forward-ordered recall may be a defining principle of episodic memory (e.g., Hurlstone, Baddeley, & Hitch, 2014).One specific aim of the current work is to address the question of whether this forwardordered tendency observed in the IFR of verbal stimuli reflects the operation of language-specific mechanisms (such as a speech input/output buffer or a verbal short-term memory system) or whether the tendency is a more general property of memory that can also be observed across different (non-verbal) materials. A second more general aim of the current work is to examine the functional similarities and differences between IFR of stimuli from verbal and non-verbal domains.In the introduction that follows, we outline more fully the phenomenon ...

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A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context

Cited by 978 publications

References 74 publications

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Control of information in working memory: Encoding and removal of distractors in the complex-span paradigm

First things first: Similar list length and output order effects for verbal and nonverbal stimuli.

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