“…Some modality comparison studies of science courses that traditionally have a lab neglected to describe if the course analyzed included a laboratory component (Colorado Department of Higher Education, 2012;Rosenzweig, 2012). (Biel & Brame, 2016) (Garman, 2012) (Hauser, 2013) (Johnson, 2002) (Riggins, 2014) Anatomy & Physiology (Barbeau, Johnson, Gibson, & Rogers, 2013) (Kuyatt & Baker, 2014) Soil Science (Reuter, 2009) Histology (Schoenfeld-Tacher, McConnell, & Graham, 2001) Single lab or subset of course Chemistry (Hawkins & Phelps, 2013) (Selmer & Kraft, 2007) Biology (Meir, Perry, Stal, Maruca, & Klopfer, 2005) Physics (Zacharia & Olympiou, 2011) (Esquembre, 2015) (Ko et al, 2000) (Winer, Chomienne, & Vazquez-Abad, 2000) Biochemical Engineering (Domingues, Rocha, Dourado, Alves, & Ferreira, 2010) An important consideration before initiating a comparison of lab modalities is to establish the value of the laboratory component in the science course. In introductory science courses designed for non-majors, the laboratory environment may be a tool to reinforce the lecture content (Feig, 2010).…”