A Discrete Event Simulation Model for Evaluating the Performances of an M/G/C/C State Dependent Queuing System

Khalid, Ruzelan; Nawawi, Mohd Kamal Mohd; Kawsar, Luthful Alahi; Ghani, Noraida Abdul; Kamil, Anton Abdulbasah; Mustafa, Adli

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058402

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The M/G/C/C mathematical model has been presented in many previous literature [e.g., 4,5,13,14,17,18,19,20,21,22]. It was first formulated by Yuhaski and Smith [22] relating the density of pedestrians to current walking speeds as follows: Based on this model, the limiting probabilities for the number of pedestrians are formulated as:…”

Section: An M/g/c/c Analytical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Khalid¹,

Nawawi²,

Baten³

et al. 2018

IJET

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In emergency cases, people are typically recommended to use the shortest route to minimize their travelling time. This recommendation may however not yield the optimal performance in the long run since the route may be over utilized after a certain point of time and this situation eventually causes heavy blockages. This paper thus measures the pedestrian flow performance through all available single routes in a topological network based on relevant arrival rates. The performance was measured using an M/G/C/C state dependent queuing approach which dynamically models pedestrians' walking speed in relation to their current density in a route. The analysis was based on an imaginary network consisting of various routes and topologies. For each route, its performance in terms of the throughput, blocking probability, expected number of pedestrians and expected travel time was first evaluated. The performance was then compared to each other and also compared to the flow performance if all available routes were utilized. The results indicated that the shortest route did not necessarily generate the optimal throughput and that the utilization of all available routes to flow pedestrians generated better performance. The optimal performance could be obtained if the arrival rate was controlled at a certain level.

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Section: An M/g/c/c Analytical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Khalid¹,

Nawawi²,

Baten³

et al. 2018

IJET

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“…To take the advantage of queuing system for facility design and at same time eliminate the need to solve the large matrices and equation systems, many researchers established the simulation models for the facility analysis and design, for example, the G/M/1 queuing network simulation model by Lovas [15], the M/G(n)/C/C statedependent simulation model by Cruz et al [16], and Khalid et al [17], the G/G(n)/C/C simulation model by Jiang et al [18] and so on. In these researches, the queuing systems are translated into the Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) models.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimal (design) widths of the urban rail transit station walkway obtained by our proposed simulation-based optimization approach using PH/PH(n)/C/C DES model and GA are compared to the design widths obtained by existing M/G(n)/C/C ( [5,6,17]) and D/D/1/C [1] analytical approaches. In TCQSM [1], the walkway width design is based on the fixed-length distribution.…”

Section: Comparison With the Existing Design Approaches And Effect Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Width Design of Urban Rail Transit Station Walkway: A Novel Simulation-Based Optimization Approach

Khattak

Jiang

et al. 2017

Urban Rail Transit

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The optimal design of the walkway at an urban rail transit station is a vital issue. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) TCRP-100 report for the design of urban rail transit station walkway and the existing design models neglect the important factors such as randomness in the passenger arrival rate, randomness and state-dependent service time of the walkway and blocking phenomenon when the passenger flow demand exceeds the walkway capacity. There obviously exists a need to develop a design approach that overcomes these shortcomings. For this purpose, this paper details a simulation-based optimization approach that provides width design through automatic reconfiguration of walkway width during the simulation-optimization process based on phase-type (PH) distribution. The integrated PH/PH(n)/C/C discrete-event simulation (DES) model and optimization method that uses the genetic algorithm (GA) work together concurrently to obtain optimized (design) widths for different passenger flow and level of service (LOS) The numerical experiments are conducted to compare the proposed model with the existing design methods. It reveals that: (1) The width obtained by our proposed model is higher than the existing width design models; (2) when squared coefficient of variation of passenger arrival interval increases, the walkway width increases more for our proposed model than the existing design models; (3) when the arrival rate increases, the walkway width of our proposed model increases faster than the existing design models; (4) the increase in the length of walkway has no significant effect on the walkway width.

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“…The conversion of the corridor as another single corridor of an arrival rate λ' (i.e., the total arrival rate of its available arrival sources and/or the throughput of its previous corridors) and length L' (i.e., the distance averaged from the arrival sources to the end of the corridor which is used as pedestrian travel distance) is thus necessary for its performance approximation using an M/G/C/C analytical model. As mentioned earlier, Kawsar et al (2012) and Khalid et al (2013) used this approach to simplify their DTSP analytical and simulation models.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on these premises, the result analysis showed that it was crucial to control the entrance rate to each source corridor to increase the DTSP's overall throughput, and the best entrance rates which only maximize the throughput of source corridors did not guarantee the best overall throughput of the hall since these arrival rates might create congestions along their subsequent corridor links. Khalid et al (2013) compared these analytical results with the mean performance measures generated by their Arena Discrete Event Simulation (Altiok and Melamed 2007;Kelton 2009) model. How Arena could be programmed to handle the instantaneous service rates in M/G/C/C networks using its available modules has been discussed in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evaluation of pedestrians’ behavior using M/G/C/C analytical, weighted distance and real distance simulation models

Khalid

Nawawi

Kawsar

et al. 2015

Discrete Event Dyn Syst

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M/G/C/C analytical and simulation models have long been used to evaluate the performance of a large and complex topological network. However, such evaluation is only founded on a network's total arrival rate and its weighted distance. Thus, this paper discusses some concepts and issues in building an M/G/C/C simulation model of a complex geometric system where all its arrival sources and their exact distances to the end of their networks (i.e., corridors) have been taken into consideration in measuring the impacts of various evacuation rates to its throughput, blocking probability, expected service time and expected number of pedestrians. For this purpose, the Dewan Tuanku Syed Putra hall, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia has been selected as a case study for various evaluations of complex pedestrian flows. These results were analyzed and compared with the results of our analytical and weighted distance simulation models. We then documented the ranges of arrival rates for each of the model where their results exhibited significant discrepancies and suggest ideal rates to best evacuate occupants from the hall. Our model can be utilized by policy makers to recommend suitable actions especially in emergency cases and be modified to build and measure the performance of other real-life complex systems.

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A Discrete Event Simulation Model for Evaluating the Performances of an M/G/C/C State Dependent Queuing System

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Analyzing and Optimizing Pedestrian Flow through a Single Route in a Topological Network

Width Design of Urban Rail Transit Station Walkway: A Novel Simulation-Based Optimization Approach

The evaluation of pedestrians’ behavior using M/G/C/C analytical, weighted distance and real distance simulation models

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