“…For smooth systems, there are several standard techniques such as Kalman filter, Luenberger observer, or high-gain approach. Such techniques have also been applied to design observers for certain classes of smooth and unconstrained Lagrangian systems with application to output feedback control, see for example, [3], [4], [16], [27]. A common element of these designs is to assume that the velocityq(·) is uniformly bounded (in time) which is primarily because F (t, q, ·) is quadratic in general.…”