A direct anterior cingulate pathway to the primate primary olfactory cortex may control attention to olfaction

García‐Cabezas, Miguel Ángel; Barbas, Helen

doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0598-3

Cited by 32 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…We used the unbiased stereological method of the optical fractionator (Gundersen, ; Howard & Reed, ) in conjunction with a commercial system (StereoInvestigator; MicroBrightField, Inc., Williston VT, USA), as described [e.g. García‐Cabezas & Barbas (,b)]. We first drew contours of layers in each column (layers I and II–III in all areas; layers IV–VI in areas 25 and 32; layers IV and V–VI in eulaminate areas 10m and 46d) to estimate the number of neurons, astrocytes and microglia by laminar groups or for entire columns (I–VI).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror trends of plasticity and stability indicators in primate prefrontal cortex

García‐Cabezas

Joyce

John

et al. 2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Research on plasticity markers in the cerebral cortex has largely focused on their timing of expression and role in shaping circuits during critical and normal periods. By contrast, little attention has been focused on the spatial dimension of plasticity-stability across cortical areas. The rationale for this analysis is based on the systematic variation in cortical structure that parallels functional specialization and raises the possibility of varying levels of plasticity. Here we investigated in adult rhesus monkeys the expression of markers related to synaptic plasticity or stability in prefrontal limbic and eulaminate areas that vary in laminar structure. Our findings revealed that limbic areas are impoverished in three markers of stability: intracortical myelin, the lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, which labels perineuronal nets, and parvalbumin, which is expressed in a class of strong inhibitory neurons. By contrast, prefrontal limbic areas were enriched in the enzyme calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), known to enhance plasticity. Eulaminate areas have more elaborate laminar architecture than limbic areas and showed the opposite trend: they were enriched in markers of stability and had lower expression of the plasticity related marker CaMKII. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of activated astrocytes, was also higher in limbic areas, suggesting that cellular stress correlates with the rate of circuit reshaping. Elevated markers of plasticity may endow limbic areas with flexibility necessary for learning and memory within an affective context, but may also render them vulnerable to abnormal structural changes, as seen in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror trends of plasticity and stability indicators in primate prefrontal cortex

García‐Cabezas

Joyce

John

et al. 2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…We estimated the number and density of neurons and glial cells in layer IV of area 4 and area 46 in Nissl‐stained sections ( n = 4 cases) using the unbiased stereological method of the optical fractionator (Gundersen, ; Howard & Reed, ) with the aid of a commercial system (StereoInvestigator, MicroBrightField, Inc.), as described in previous studies (Barbas et al ., ; Medalla & Barbas, ; García‐Cabezas & Barbas, ). Briefly, we analysed a minimum of four evenly spaced brain sections for each area per case using systematic random sampling of layer IV.…”

Section: The Status Of Layer IV In Area 4 In the Adult Primate Brain:mentioning

confidence: 99%

Area 4 has layer IV in adult primates

García‐Cabezas

Barbas

2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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There are opposing views about the status of layer IV in primary motor cortex (area 4). Cajal described a layer IV in area 4 of adult humans. In contrast, Brodmann found layer IV in development but not in adult primates and called area 4 ‘agranular’. We addressed this issue in rhesus monkeys using the neural marker SMI-32, which labels neurons in lower layer III and upper V, but not in layer IV. SMI-32 delineated a central unlabeled cortical stripe in area 4 that corresponds to layer IV, which was populated with small interneurons also found in layer IV in ‘granular’ areas (such as area 46). We distinguished layer IV interneurons from projection neurons in the layers above and below using cellular criteria. The commonly used term ‘agranular’ for area 4 is also used for the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices, confusing areas that differ markedly in laminar structure. This issue pertains to the systematic variation in the architecture across cortices, traced from limbic cortices through areas with increasingly more elaborate laminar structure. The principle of systematic variation can be used to predict laminar patterns of connections across cortical systems. This principle places area 4 and agranular anterior cingulate cortices at opposite poles of the graded laminar differentiation of motor cortices. The status of layer IV in area 4 thus pertains to core organizational features of the cortex, its connections and evolution.

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“…Moreover, regarding smell it is important to mention that the organization of the olfactory system is peculiar and differs from the other sensory modalities (García‐Cabezas & Barbas, 2014; Lundström, Boesveldt, & Albrecht, 2011). Indeed, olfactory nerve from the nasal vault connects to the olfactory bulb and then other olfactory projections directly pass to the olfactory cortex without a thalamic relay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smell and taste dissociations in the modulation of tonic pain perception induced by a capsaicin cream application

Cecchini

Riello

Sandri

et al. 2020

European Journal of Pain

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Background: Pain is a subjective experience characterized by sensory (intensity) and emotional (unpleasantness) aspects. Although literature reports behavioural effects on pain due to smell and taste influence, to our knowledge the relationship between tonic pain induced by a capsaicin cream and these chemosensory systems has never been explored before. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of olfactory and gustatory substances having different valence on tonic pain perception mediated by a capsaicin cream application. Methods: Sixty healthy volunteers were included in two separated experiments (N = 30 smell; N = 30 taste) and underwent different valence smell and taste stimulations, while receiving painful stimuli. Perception of pain intensity (the sensory component) and unpleasantness (the affective component) was measured with a numerical rating scale, both during the two aforementioned experiments. Results: Pain unpleasantness rating showed differences only in the smell experiment between the two odourous conditions. In particular, pleasant odour induced lower ratings of pain unpleasantness, while no significant results were found for intensity. Regarding taste, we could not observe significant effects nor for pain unpleasantness or intensity. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential role of pleasant odours in influencing the affective aspects of pain perception induced by this kind of tonic pain. Such evidence might provide new insight for using chemosensory substances as analgesics for modulating the cognitive aspects of neuropathic pain. Significance: This work shows the effect of smell on the emotional component of tonic pain, experimentally induced by capsaicin cream application. Previous literature investigated tonic pain in interaction with smell and/or taste stimuli, but mainly with physical methods such as temperature. Our findings add new information in this field, contributing to a deeper insight on the role of olfaction on this particular kind of tonic pain perception. This approach could open to new investigations aimed to consider odours for pain management.

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A direct anterior cingulate pathway to the primate primary olfactory cortex may control attention to olfaction

Cited by 32 publications

References 112 publications

Mirror trends of plasticity and stability indicators in primate prefrontal cortex

Mirror trends of plasticity and stability indicators in primate prefrontal cortex

Area 4 has layer IV in adult primates

Smell and taste dissociations in the modulation of tonic pain perception induced by a capsaicin cream application

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