A diminished capacity for chloride exclusion by grapevine rootstocks following long-term saline irrigation in an inland versus a coastal region of Australia

Abstract

Shiraz and Chardonnay grapevines that had been initially assessed for Clexclusion in the 1996 and 1997 harvest seasons at both Merbein (inland region of Victoria) and at Padthaway (sub-coastal region of South Australia), were re-evaluated in 2003 and 2004 at those same two locations. Both scion varieties were grown either on their own roots or were grafted to one of the following rootstocks: Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri, K51-40, Schwarzmann, 101-14, Rupestris St George and 1202 Couderc. Both sites had been irrigated with saline water since 1994. The salinity of irrigation water at Merbein was approximately 2.1 dS/m; at Padthaway irrigation salinity varied between approximately 1.6 dS/m and 2.5 dS/m during the survey period. Changes in the Cl --excluding ability of all rootstock/scion combinations between 1996, 1997 and 2003, 2004 were based upon analysis of Clconcentrations in grape juice and in laminae at harvest, as well as Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of the 1:5 soil:water extract. Taking juice Clas indicative of rootstock effectiveness for Clexclusion, and considering data from Merbein, our analyses demonstrated that overall means for Shiraz juice Clincreased from around 190 to 427 mg/L over the survey period (7 years). In Chardonnay grapevines at Merbein, overall mean concentrations of Clin juice increased from around 70 to around 225 mg/L over 7 years. Significant differences between rootstocks were evident, with some rootstocks at Merbein showing a diminished capacity for Clexclusion in 2003 and 2004. By contrast, in Padthaway there was no consistent deterioration in Cl --excluding capacity by rootstocks supporting either Shiraz or Chardonnay as scions. In 2004 there were significant differences between grapevines at Merbein and Padthaway in the concentration of Claccumulated, even though the mean soil EC 1:5 after harvest for 0-90 cm depth was the same at both sites, namely 0.4 dS/m. Containment of grapevine salinity at Padthaway (relative to Merbein) between 1996/97 and 2003/04 was most likely due to factors such as a lower volume of saline irrigation, double the rainfall and 27% lower pan evaporation. Abbreviations and definitionsClchloride; dS/m conductivity in deciSiemens per metre; EC electrical conductivity; EC se electrical conductivity of saturation paste extract; Na + sodium ion; SAR sodium adsorption ratio; EC 1:5 , SAR 1:5 and pH 1:5 electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and pH respectively of the 1:5 soil:water extract.

Grapevine and Arabidopsis cation-chloride cotransporters localise to the Golgi and trans-Golgi network and indirectly influence long-distance ion homeostasis and plant salt tolerance

“…This contrasts with other important crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), where salt tolerance predominantly correlates with shoot Na + exclusion (Munns et al, 2006(Munns et al, , 2012Jha et al, 2010;Shavrukov et al, 2010). A limited number of studies has highlighted the negative impact of Na + on grapevine physiology (Shani and Ben-Gal, 2005;Stevens et al, 2011), and although its impact should not be discounted in this species, the major research effort for maintaining viticultural productivity under saline conditions has concentrated on improving shoot Cl -exclusion (Tregeagle et al, 2006;Fort et al, 2015). A key step in accelerating the selection of grapevine germplasm with improved salt tolerance would be to identify the proteins involved in shoot Cl -exclusion (Henderson et al, 2014).…”

Identification of a Stelar-Localized Transport Protein That Facilitates Root-to-Shoot Transfer of Chloride in Arabidopsis

“…Excessive chloride ion (Cl -) accumulation in the cytoplasm of plant cells, particularly in the shoot, is also toxic to plants (Tyerman, 1992;Xu et al, 1999;Munns and Tester, 2008;Teakle and Tyerman, 2010;Geilfus et al, 2015), resulting in a reduction in plant growth and symptoms such as leaf burn and leaf abscission for Cl --sensitive species (Abel, 1969;Parker et al, 1983;Cole, 1985). Cl -, rather than sodium ions (Na + ), is considered to be the more toxic ion for woody perennial species such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera; Tregeagle et al, 2006;Gong et al, 2011) and citrus (Citrus jambhiri; Storey and Walker, 1999) and legumes such as soybean (Glycine max; Luo et al, 2005) and lotus (Lotus tenuis; Teakle et al, 2007). For cereal crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum; Martin and Koebner, 1995) and barley (Hordeum vulgare; Tavakkoli et al, 2011), the toxic effects of Cl -and Na + are additive and can often be overcome by restricting excess accumulation of both ions in the shoot.…”

Relative Salt Tolerance of Different Grape Rootstocks to Different Chloride Salts

“…However of the grapevine rootstocks rated as tolerant to salinity due to their ability to prevent Na and/or Cl uptake and translocation to aerial parts of the vines (Tregeagle et al, 2006). In the present study though the Dogridge rootstock recorded lowest chloride content it recorded higher Na + content in leaf.…”