A digital health platform for assisting the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 progression: An adjuvant approach for augmenting the antiviral response and mitigating the immune-mediated target organ damage

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory illness associated with high mortality, has been classified as a pandemic. The major obstacles for the clinicians to contain the disease are limited information availability, difficulty in disease diagnosis, predicting disease prognosis, and lack of disease monitoring tools. Additionally, the lack of valid therapies has further contributed to the difficulties in containing the pandemic. Recent studies have reported that the dysregulation of the immune system leads to an ineffective antiviral response and promotes pathological immune response, which manifests as ARDS, myocarditis, and hepatitis. In this study, a novel platform has been described for disseminating information to physicians for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with COVID-19. An adjuvant approach using compounds that can potentiate antiviral immune response and mitigate COVID-19-induced immune-mediated target organ damage has been presented. A prolonged beneficial effect is achieved by implementing algorithm-based individualized variability measures in the treatment regimen.

Personalized-Inherent Variability in a Time-Dependent Immune Response: A Look into the Fifth Dimension in Biology

“…Looking into the “3rd and the 4th dimensions” does not finish the quest to comprehend biological systems [ 15 ]. Our findings suggest that in addition to time, adding an individualized variability, viewed as “the fifth dimension,” is required for improved analysis of isolated systems [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Considering an individualized response, which involves both the time and the magnitude of the response, rather than looking into means of the group, maybe needed for better design of precision medicine [ 35 ].…”

Next-Generation Personalized Medicine: Implementation of Variability Patterns for Overcoming Drug Resistance in Chronic Diseases

“…Clinical trials are ongoing to determine the use of irregularity for overcoming drug resistance in patients who have lost their response to drugs [ 25 , 43 , 68 , 76 , 85 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 154 ]. Patients are treated according to a regimen that introduces irregularity in the dose and intervals of drug administration, maintaining them within the drug’s therapeutic window and a physician’s pre-determined range [ 141 ].…”

“…It is essential to establish and quantify cellular and whole organ patterns of variability and then implement them into the algorithm for improving accuracy [ 25 , 43 , 68 , 76 , 85 , 97 , 100 , 101 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 ]. Important information is also obtained by evaluating single-cell variabilities in gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics, and epitope expression performed on cells harvested from patients before and after therapy for chronic disease.…”

A Subject-Tailored Variability-Based Platform for Overcoming the Plateau Effect in Sports Training: A Narrative Review

“…Drug resistance is a significant health issue during chronic opioid use for pain [108]. Studies showed a similar resistance for many other drugs like anti-depressants, anti-diabetics, and diuretics [64,65,75,80,[102][103][104][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126].…”

“…Second-generation artificial intelligence systems can implement variability into training and therapeutic regimens for overcoming biological tolerance and plateaus for various chronic diseases [80,[102][103][104][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126]. Introducing variability to improve muscle performance can be implemented in two stages.…”