A differential deficit in time- versus event-based prospective memory in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract

Objective-The aim of the current study was to clarify the nature and extent of impairment in time-versus event-based prospective memory in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prospective memory is thought to involve cognitive processes that are mediated by prefrontal systems and are executive in nature. Given that individuals with PD frequently show executive dysfunction, it is important to determine whether these individuals may have deficits in prospective memory that could impact daily functions, such as taking medications. Although it has been reported that individuals with PD evidence impairment in prospective memory, it is still unclear whether they show a greater deficit for time-versus event-based cues.Method-Fifty-four individuals with PD and 34 demographically similar healthy adults were administered a standardized measure of prospective memory that allows for a direct comparison of time-based and event-based cues. In addition, participants were administered a series of standardized measures of retrospective memory and executive functions.Results-Individuals with PD demonstrated impaired prospective memory performance compared to the healthy adults, with a greater impairment demonstrated for the time-based tasks. Time-based prospective memory performance was moderately correlated with measures of executive functioning, but only the Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test emerged as a unique predictor in a linear regression. McDaniel and Einstein's (2000) multi-process theory to suggest that individuals with PD experience particular difficulty executing a future intention when the cue to execute the prescribed intention requires higher levels of executive control. Conclusions-Findings are interpreted within the context ofReprint requests to: Sarah Raskin, Ph. D., Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Life Sciences Center 201, Hartford, CT 06106; 870-297-2342 (ph); Electronic mail can be sent to Sarah.Raskin@trincoll.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/neu NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuropsychology. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 March 1. Deficits in episodic memory and executive functions are the most common neuropsychological sequelae of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mild-to-moderate impairment in verbal and visual episodic memory and executive functions may already be observed at (or very near) the time of diagnosis of PD (Foltynie et al., 2004;Muslimovic et al., 2005). Although there is considerable heterogeneity among individuals (Filoteo et al., 1997), the profile of epis...

Prospective memory in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Exploring effects of implementation intentions and retrospective memory load

“…As expected, participants showed an overall better PM task performance on tasks with low retrospective memory demands (regular tasks) compared to tasks with high retrospective memory demands (irregular tasks). Furthermore, participants showed better event-than time-based PM, which is in line with a large body of empirical evidence reporting better performances in event-based than in time-based tasks in different populations (e.g., Bastin & Meulemans, 2002;Einstein, McDaniel, Richardson, Guynn, & Cunfer, 1995;Raskin et al, 2011).…”

Prospective Memory Performance of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Depends on Shifting Aptitude: Evidence from Cognitive Rehabilitation

“…Moreover, some studies demonstrated that PD patients have greater difficulty performing PM tasks in which executive functions are particularly stressed, such as time-based versus event-based tasks Katai, Maruyama, Hashimoto, & Ikeda, 2003;Raskin et al, 2011; report divergent results) and non-focal versus focal tasks (Foster, McDaniel, Repovs, & Hershey, 2009). A significant correlation between performance on PM tasks and tests tapping shifting and planning abilities was also reported Costa, Peppe, Brusa, et al, 2008;Kliegel, Phillips, Lemke, & Kopp, 2005;Raskin et al, 2011).…”

“Forgetting to Remember” in Huntington's Disease: A Study of Laboratory, Semi-Naturalistic, and Self-Perceptions of Prospective Memory

“…Time-based PM tasks have less salient cues that are hypothesized to require greater strategic attentional monitoring and self-initiated retrieval processes dependent on frontal systems compared to event-based PM tasks, which generally involve more distinctive external cues that signal the appropriate time to perform an intended action (McDaniel & Einstein, 2000). This pattern of disproportionate deficits in time-versus event-based PM has, for example, been demonstrated in patients with PD (e.g., Raskin et al, 2011), wherein time-based tasks also were more strongly correlated with measures of executive dysfunction.…”