A Dietary Pattern Derived by Reduced Rank Regression is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in An Urban Ghanaian Population

Abstract

Reduced rank regression (RRR) is an innovative technique to establish dietary patterns related to biochemical risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but has not been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. In a hospital-based case-control study for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi (diabetes cases, 538; controls, 668) dietary intake was assessed by a specific food frequency questionnaire. After random split of our study population, we derived a dietary pattern in the training set using RRR with adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as responses and 35 food items as predictors. This pattern score was applied to the validation set, and its association with type 2 diabetes was examined by logistic regression. The dietary pattern was characterized by a high consumption of plantain, cassava, and garden egg, and a low intake of rice, juice, vegetable oil, eggs, chocolate drink, sweets, and red meat; the score correlated positively with serum triglycerides and negatively with adiponectin. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes for the highest quintile compared to the lowest was 4.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.87–10.50, p for trend < 0.001). The identified dietary pattern increases the odds of type 2 diabetes in urban Ghanaians, which is mainly attributed to increased serum triglycerides.

Dietary Patterns and Its Associations with Adipokines (Adiponectin and Leptin) among Adults: A Narrative Review

“…Therefore, food and nutrient combination, interactions, inter-correlations and cumulative effects have to be used as an alternative approach to study overall diet instead of single dietary components. Apart from that, the use of dietary pattern analysis is important because the focus of the analysis is on the entire diet, rather than on just one food or nutrient and offers an additional dimension to examine the relationship between diet and disease risk (Frank et al 2015)but has not been applied in sub-Saharan Africa. In a hospital-based case-control study for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi (diabetes cases, 538; controls, 668.…”

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Bile Acids—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Vegans and Omnivores

“…Therefore, dietary pattern analyses provide a better understanding of nutrient interaction [29]. One method identifying dietary patterns is reduced rank regression (RRR), an established method to derive dietary patterns, which was applied in nutritional epidemiology [30,31]. RRR establishes linear combinations of foods or food items (used as predictor variables) with a maximum of a possible variation in disease-related nutrients or biomarkers (used as response variables) [32,33].…”

Comparing two methods for deriving dietary patterns associated with risk of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese adults with impaired kidney function

“…Principal component analysis (PCA), a data-driven method, generates dietary patterns based upon inter correlations between original food intake variables. PCA tends to explain as much variation in dietary intake as possible, and is more likely to represent actual dietary habits in population [11].…”

“…However, PCA may have poor correlation with disease risk because behavior-related patterns are not necessarily predictors of the disease of interest [11]. To overcome this issue, a combination method using both a priori and a posteriori approach such as reduced rank regression (RRR) was recently proposed to derive the dietary pattern.…”