“…Some compounds with low molecular weight in MRPs even display stronger antioxidant capacity than the pure melanoidins (Rufián‐Henares & Morales, ). The small molecules such as reductone and heterocyclic compounds formed during the intermediate stage of Maillard reaction make an important contribution to the antioxidant activity (Hwang, Kim, Woo, Lee, & Jeong, ; Wang, Bao, & Chen, ), and their antioxidant activity is hypothesized to be due to the donation of a hydrogen atom or the high density of π electron cloud of the molecules (Dittrich et al., ). Chuyen, Ijichi, Umetsu, and Moteki () have discovered that the ARPs in the brownish Japanese soybean paste (Miso) have a strong ability for scavenging the reactive oxygen species in the livers of rats, and prove their antioxidant capacity in vivo as well as that of melanoidins.…”