A Diagnostic Tool on Time Perception of Children with ADHD

Gongsook, Pongpanote; Peijnenborgh, Janneke; Sallustro, C.; Spek, Erik van der; Hu, Jun; Bellotti, Francesco; Rauterberg, Matthias; Hendriksen, Jos G.M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12157-4_35

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A recent study based on duration discrimination and controlled for a possible impulsivity bias has indicated the presence of a faster internal clock in children with ADHD [ 51 ]. Hence, a “pure” time perception deficit in ADHD has been assumed [ 44 ] and its use for diagnostics has been discussed [ 21 ]. In addition to the duration discrimination method, studies on temporal processing in ADHD have commonly employed reproduction and verbal time estimation tasks [ 7 , 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the challenge in clinical diagnostics is to distinguish ADHD sensu stricto from other syndromes with partially similar symptoms. If tests of time perception were indeed instrumental in diagnostics [ 21 ], it would be important to know whether alterations in temporal processing are specific to ADHD or rather a trans-nosographic phenomenon. For example, Smith et al [ 44 ] found differing results for children with and without ADHD in a reproduction task when IQ and short-term memory were taken into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The faster internal clock in ADHD is related to lower processing speed: WISC-IV profile analyses and time estimation tasks facilitate the distinction between real ADHD and pseudo-ADHD

Walg¹,

Hapfelmeier²,

El-Wahsch

et al. 2017

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Alterations in temporal processing may represent a primary cause of key symptoms in ADHD. This study is aimed at investigating the nature of time-processing alterations in ADHD and assessing the possible utility of testing time estimation for clinical diagnostics. Retrospective verbal time estimation in the range of several minutes was examined in 50 boys with ADHD and 53 boys with other mental disorders. All participants (age 7–16) attended an outpatient clinic for ADHD diagnostics. The diagnostic assessment included the WISC-IV. Subjects with ADHD made longer and less accurate duration estimates than the clinical control group. The ADHD group showed a specific WISC-IV profile with processing speed deficits. In the ADHD group there was a correlation between processing speed and quality of time estimation that was not observed in the comparison group: higher processing speed indices were related to more accurate duration estimates. The findings provide support for the presence of a faster internal clock in subjects with ADHD and lend further support to the existence of a specific WISC-IV profile in subjects with ADHD. The results show that analyzing WISC-IV profiles and time estimation tasks are useful differential diagnosis tools, particularly when it comes to distinguishing between “real ADHD” and pseudo-ADHD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The faster internal clock in ADHD is related to lower processing speed: WISC-IV profile analyses and time estimation tasks facilitate the distinction between real ADHD and pseudo-ADHD

Walg¹,

Hapfelmeier²,

El-Wahsch

et al. 2017

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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show abstract

“…The above-mentioned increase in popularity of computer-assisted assessment tools is partly caused by the fact that it is relatively easy to implement these immediate rewards, to adapt difficulty levels, to implement a story, and to use intrinsic fantasy elements. This leads to a situation in which the child does not have the feeling of being assessed but instead thinks that he or she is playing a game [ 10 ]. This is especially important in tests that are designed for children because it is known that children can behave differently when they know they are being studied (also known as the Hawthorne effect [ 11 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Validity of a Computer-Based Game to Assess Cognitive Processes, Reward Mechanisms, and Time Perception in Children Aged 4-8 Years

Peijnenborgh¹,

Hurks²,

Aldenkamp³

et al. 2016

JMIR Serious Games

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BackgroundA computer-based game, named Timo’s Adventure, was developed to assess specific cognitive functions (eg, attention, planning, and working memory), time perception, and reward mechanisms in young school-aged children. The game consists of 6 mini-games embedded in a story line and includes fantasy elements to enhance motivation.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity of Timo’s Adventure in normally developing children and in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsA total of 96 normally developing children aged 4-8 years and 40 children with ADHD were assessed using the game. Clinical validity was investigated by examining the effects of age on performances within the normally developing children, as well as performance differences between the healthy controls and the ADHD group.ResultsOur analyses in the normally developing children showed developmental effects; that is, older children made fewer inhibition mistakes (r=−.33, P=.001), had faster (and therefore better) reaction times (r=−.49, P<.001), and were able to produce time intervals more accurately than younger children (ρ=.35, P<.001). Discriminant analysis showed that Timo’s Adventure was accurate in most classifications whether a child belonged to the ADHD group or the normally developing group: 78% (76/97) of the children were correctly classified as having ADHD or as being in the normally developing group. The classification results showed that 72% (41/57) children in the control group were correctly classified, and 88% (35/40) of the children in the ADHD group were correctly classified as having ADHD. Sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.69) of Timo’s Adventure were satisfying.ConclusionsComputer-based games seem to be a valid tool to assess specific strengths and weaknesses in young children with ADHD.

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“…Instruments for detecting timing deficits may enhance accuracy in ADHD diagnosis (cf. Bluschke et al, 2018 ; Gongsook et al, 2014 ). In this regard, the method of time estimation and the measure accuracy score appear to be particularly robust in terms of their high reliability ( Marx et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective and Retrospective Verbal Time Estimation in Children with ADHD

Walg¹,

Prior²

2021

AdvCognPsychol

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There is increasing evidence that timing deficits represent a primary cause of key symptoms in ADHD. However, results in experiments on timing may vary with different methods of assessing timing competencies. The present study directly compared two central paradigms, namely, prospective and retrospective time estimation in children with ( n = 30) and without ( n = 29) ADHD. In both conditions, durations were estimated considerably longer by children with ADHD. Children with ADHD significantly overestimated the real duration of the task compared to children without ADHD in the retrospective but not in the prospective condition. In general, prospective estimates were more accurate than retrospective ones. The findings corroborate the essential role that timing deficits and a faster internal clock play in ADHD. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the importance of careful differentiation between prospective and retrospective time estimation.

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A Diagnostic Tool on Time Perception of Children with ADHD

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

The faster internal clock in ADHD is related to lower processing speed: WISC-IV profile analyses and time estimation tasks facilitate the distinction between real ADHD and pseudo-ADHD

The faster internal clock in ADHD is related to lower processing speed: WISC-IV profile analyses and time estimation tasks facilitate the distinction between real ADHD and pseudo-ADHD

A Study on the Validity of a Computer-Based Game to Assess Cognitive Processes, Reward Mechanisms, and Time Perception in Children Aged 4-8 Years

Prospective and Retrospective Verbal Time Estimation in Children with ADHD

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