A Developmental fMRI Study of the Stroop Color-Word Task

Adleman, Nancy E.; Menon, Vinod; Blasey, Christine; White, Christopher D.; Warsofsky, Ilana S.; Glover, Gary H.; Reiss, Allan L.

doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1046

Cited by 486 publications

(400 citation statements)

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“…The present results are compatible with and extend the developmental data on developmental changes in fMRI activity patterns in a variety of cognitive tasks (22)(23)(24)(25). These studies revealed a developmental pattern in which brain areas critical for task performance become increasingly activated (26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans

Uhlhaas

Roux

Singer

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

301

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Brain development is characterized by maturational processes that span the period from childhood through adolescence to adulthood, but little is known whether and how developmental processes differ during these phases. We analyzed the development of functional networks by measuring neural synchrony in EEG recordings during a Gestalt perception task in 68 participants ranging in age from 6 to 21 years. Until early adolescence, developmental improvements in cognitive performance were accompanied by increases in neural synchrony. This developmental phase was followed by an unexpected decrease in neural synchrony that occurred during late adolescence and was associated with reduced performance. After this period of destabilization, we observed a reorganization of synchronization patterns that was accompanied by pronounced increases in gammaband power and in theta and beta phase synchrony. These findings provide evidence for the relationship between neural synchrony and late brain development that has important implications for the understanding of adolescence as a critical period of brain maturation.oscillations ͉ synchrony ͉ adolescence ͉ electroencephalography ͉ Gestalt perception D evelopmental psychology and brain research has focused mainly on the early pre-and postnatal periods as critical windows for the organization and functional adjustment of neural circuitry. These studies revealed the important role of early experience in shaping cortical networks and emphasized the decline of neuronal plasticity with age. However, more recent evidence suggests that brain development and its susceptibility to epigenetic influences extends far beyond the early postnatal stages and in humans comes to an end only around age 20.Emerging evidence from anatomy and physiology suggests that later developmental periods, such as adolescence, may have a crucial impact on the organization of cortical circuitry. Anatomically, the volume and organization of white matter increases continuously (1-3), whereas the volume of cortical gray matter increases only until the onset of adolescence and then decreases again (4-6). Physiologically, there is evidence that dopamine-NMDA receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex (7) mature only after adolescence, and there are data suggesting late maturation of GABAergic neurotransmission (8).These findings indicate important changes in anatomical and physiological parameters during late developmental periods, but the functional implications of these changes are poorly understood. The putative relevance of these changes is highlighted by the fact that the onset of brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, that cause lasting emotional and cognitive dysfunctions often occurs during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (9). Thus, not only the early but also the late maturational processes are likely to be critical, especially for the development of higher cognitive functions.We investigated the development of functional networks by examining age-dependent changes in task-related neural oscillation...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans

Uhlhaas

Roux

Singer

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

301

231

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The go/no-go task (Anderson et al 2005;Schweinsburg et al 2004b) was designed to assess inhibitory processing by asking participants to withhold a response to an infrequently occurring stimulus. Previous studies have observed activation in dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior frontal, anterior cingulate, and posterior parietal regions among adolescents using this task (Anderson et al 2005;Schweinsburg et al 2004a) and similar inhibition paradigms (Adleman et al 2002;Luna et al 2001;Tamm et al 2002). Based on findings of response inhibition among teenagers and marijuana-using adults, we predicted that abstinent marijuanausing adolescents would demonstrate increased prefrontal and decreased cingulate response compared to non-using controls during inhibition trials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users

et al. 2007

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“…Adults were faster and more accurate than adolescents at processing during the COUNTING BACKWARD task. Adleman et al (2002) demonstrated that the development of executive processes involved in the Stroop interference still continued during adolescence. No similar study has been done for the counting task in teenagers.…”

Section: Age-related Differences In Cognitive Performancesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Cognitive development is also supported by changes in patterns of brain activation, including enhancement of activation in critical areas and attenuation in others. For example, Adleman et al (2002) showed that Stroop task-related functional development of the parietal lobe occurs between 12 and 16 years of age. An increase of activation occurs with age in a number of brain regions thought to be important in performance of the Stroop task, including the left lateral prefrontal cortex, left parietal/ parieto-occipital cortex, and left anterior cingulate cortex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They manipulated the level of difficulty of the cognitive and postural tasks simultaneously. A modified Stroop task, in which performance continues to develop over childhood (Adleman et al, 2002;Durston and Casey, 2006;Jongen and Jonkman, 2008), was combined with a semi-tandem postural task. Results showed a turning point at around 8 years of age and suggested that adult behaviour was still not reached at 11 years of age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postural control and attentional demand during adolescence

2010

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In the present study we aimed to determine the attentional cost of postural control during adolescence by studying the influence of a cognitive task on concurrent postural control. 38 teenagers aged 12 to 17 years and 13 young adults (mean age = 26.1) stood barefoot on a force platform in a semi-tandem position. A dual-task paradigm consisted of performing a Stroop or a COUNTING BACKWARD task while simultaneously standing quietly on a firm or foam support surface. Different centre of pressure (CoP) measures were calculated (90% confidence ellipse area, mean velocity, root mean square on the antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) axes). The number and percentage of correct responses in the cognitive tasks were also recorded. Our results indicate (1) higher values of surface, ML mean velocity and ML RMS in the COUNTING BACKWARD task in adolescents aged 12 to 15 than in teenagers aged 16 to 17 and in adults, regardless of the complexity of the postural task and, (2) better cognitive performances in the Stroop than in the COUNTING BACKWARD task. The difference in the dual-task performance between the different age groups and particularly the existence of a turning point around 14-15 years of age might be due to 1) difficulties in properly allocating attentional resources to two simultaneous tasks and/or, 2) the inability to manage increased cognitive requests because of a limited information processing capacity in adolescents aged 14-15 years. IntroductionAlthough it has often been argued that undisturbed quiet standing is automatically regulated, several studies using dual-task paradigms demonstrated a clear link between the regulation of sway and higher-order processes (Lajoie et al., 1993). Even in young adults, a minimum amount of attention is required to stand upright. The more challenging the postural task (e.g., feet-together or unipedal stance), the greater the required attentional resources (Dault et al., 2001). Cognitive (e.g., reading, counting backward, and spelling words) and postural tasks (e.g., upright stance and one-leg balance) require common cognitive mechanisms that involve a conflicting relationship when both tasks are performed simultaneously (Kerr et al., 1985). Increasing the level of difficulty of the cognitive task involves either increased (Blanchard et al., 2005), decreased (Andersson et al., 2002) or unchanged (Kerr et al., 1985) centre of foot pressure (CoP) excursions. Conversely, the performance of the cognitive task (e.g., backward counting and reaction-time task) can be compromised by a simultaneous control of quiet stance in adults with calf vibration (Andersson et al., 2002), on a beam (Barra et al., 2006) or with suppression or perturbation of sensory information in the elderly . The

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A Developmental fMRI Study of the Stroop Color-Word Task

Cited by 486 publications

References 48 publications

The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans

The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans

Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users

Postural control and attentional demand during adolescence

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