“…These strategies collect information about traffic through the use of cutting-edge technologies like connected vehicles (CVs), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth sensors, cellular networks and smartphones [7,8]. These tools not only open up new possibilities for collecting crowdsourced data, but also produce valuable information that can be used in a variety of transportation analyses, including those concerned with traffic safety [9,10,11,12], public transit [13,14], and energy consumption and emissions [15,16]. Big data is being used in the transportation sector to propose novel ideas and solutions that have not been explored before [17].…”