A Deterministic Mathematical Model for Direct and Indirect Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid Fever

Abstract

Improvements in sanitation and the provision of clean drinking water led to the elimination of typhoid fever from developed countries in the beginning of the 20th century. However, Salmonella typhi and paratyphi remain a major source of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries today. The dynamics of typhoid transmission are poorly understood. In this study, we develop a novel mathematical model that captures the role of both human to human interaction and human to environment interaction in the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever. Our results have shown the feasible impact of different methods of typhoid control, including vaccination, improved treatment strategies, and investment in clean water and sanitation. Subject AreasMathematical Modeling

Mathematical Models for Typhoid Disease Transmission: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Vaccination is an action of planting weakened germs into a human's body through scratching or injecting a needle so that the person becomes immune to the disease infection. This preventive action effectively reduces the risk of being infected in the human population [3,48]. Moreover, the authors [48] confirmed that an aggressive vaccination in 9-month, 6-year, and 12-year olds could reduce >85% the cases of typhoid by an 80% coverage.…”

“…The mathematical model for typhoid disease was developed by considering various interventions to control the disease and reduce infection risk. The intervention used most in controlling the disease is treatment [3,18,43,47,50,53,55,57]. Based on some research, treatment is confirmed as the best intervention in controlling the spread of typhoid disease.…”

“…However, treatment cannot prevent the spread of the disease, while preventive action is more critical to reduce the risk of infection. Some published articles by [3,19,50,55] use sanitation as an intervention to prevent outbreaks of typhoid disease. It is an act to suppress the population of vectors, both insects and bacteria, through concern for the cleanliness of the environment, food, and water.…”

“…Typhoid disease is a fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica, serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi), which may be transmitted systematically through water or food contaminated by predominantly infected human feces [1,2]. Typhoid fever is endemic in many developing countries, and despite recent interventions in sanitation coverage, the disease remains a significant public health problem [3]. The disease is estimated to cause between 9.9 and 14.7 million infection cases and between 75,000 and 208,000 deaths annually [4].…”

“…Prevention of this disease through improving sanitation and accessibility to safe water and food remains critical but requires significant things for a long time [1,10]. Health education is an alternative way to increase public awareness and induce healthy behavioral changes [3]. To reduce the risk of typhoid disease, the vaccine is an effort to prevent the infection of typhoid disease, but this remains a contemporary policy problem for public health stakeholders who may be considered a counterpart to other anti-typhoid measures such as improvements to sanitation and health education [11].…”