A determination of the properties of the neutral intermediate vector boson Z0

Adeva, B.; Adriani, O.; Aguilar-Benı́tez, M.; Akbari, H.; Alcaraz, J.; Aloisio, A.; Alviggi, M. G.; An, Q.; Anderhub, H.; Andersson, A.L.; Antonov, L.; Antreasyan, D.; Arefiev, A.; Azemoon, T.; Aziz, T.; Baba, P.V.K.S.; Bagnaia, P.; Bakken, J. A.; Baksay, L.; Ball, R. C.; Banerjee, S.; Bao, J.; Barone, L.; Bay, A.; Becker, U.; Beingessner, S.; Bencze, G.; Berdugo, J.; Berges, P.; Bertucci, B.; Betev, B.L.; Biland, A.; Bizzarri, R.; Blaising, J. J.; Blömeke, P.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bocciolini, M.; Böhlen, W.; Böhm, A.; Böhringer, T.; Borgia, B.; Bourilkov, D.; Bourquin, M.; Boutigny, D.; Branson, J. G.; Brock, I. C.; Bruyant, F.; Burger, J. D.; Burq, J.P.; Cai, X.; Campana, D.; Camps, C.; Capell, M.; Carbonara, F.; Cartacci, A. M.; Cerrada, M.; Cesaroni, F.; Chang, Y. H.; Chaturvedi, U. K.; Chemarin, M.; Chen, A.; Chen, G.M.; Chen, H.F.; Chen, H.S.; Chen, M.; Chen, M.L.; Chiefari, G.; Chien, C. Y.; Civinini, C.; Clare, I.; Clare, R.; Coignet, G.; Colino, N.; Commichau, V.; Conforto, G.; Contin, A.; Crijns, F.; Cui, X.; Dai, T.; D’Alessandro, R.; Bouard, X. De; Degré, A.; Deiters, K.; Dénes, E.; Denes, P.; DeNotaristefani, F.; Dhina, M.; Diemoz, M.; Dimitrov, H.R.; Dionisi, C.; Dittus, F.; Dolin, Raphael; Drago, E.; Driever, T.; Duinker, P.; Durán, I.; Engler, A.; Eppling, F. J.; Erné, F.C.; Extermann, P.; Fabbretti, R.; Faber, G.; Falciano, S.; Fan, Saijun; Fabre, Michel; Fay, J.; Fehlmann, J.; Fenker, H.; Ferguson, T.; Fernández, G.; Ferroni, F.; Fesefeldt, H.; Field, J. H.; Forconì, G.; Foreman, T.; Freudenreich, K.; Friebel, W.; Fukushima, M.; Gailloud, M.; Galaktionov, Yu.; Gallo, E.; Ganguli, S. N.; Gau, S. S.; Gavrilov, G.; Gentile, S.; Gettner, M.; Glaubman, M.; Goldfarb, S.; Gong, Z. F.; González, E.; Gordeev, A.; Göttlicher, P.; Goy, C.; Gratta, G.; Grimes, A.; Grinnell, C.; Gruenewald, M. W.; Guanziroli, M.; Gurtu, A.; Güsewell, D; Haan, H.; Hangarter, K.; Hancke, S.; Harris, M.; Harting, D.; Hartjes, F.; He, Changda; Heavy, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Hebert, M.; Herten, G.; Herten, U.; Hervé, A.; Hilgers, K.; Hofer, H.; Hsu, L.; Hu, G.; Ille, B.; Ilyas, M. M.; Innocente, V.; Isiksal, E.; Jagel, E.; Jin, B. N.; Jones, L. W.; Jongmanns, M.; Jung, H.; Kaaret, P.; Khan, R. A.; Kamyshkov, Yu.; Kaplan, D. M.; Karpiński, W.; Karyotakis, Y.; Хозе, В. А.; Kirkby, D.; Kittel, W.; Klimentov, A.; Klok, P. F.; Kollek, M.; Koller, M.; König, A.; Kornadt, O.; Koutsenko, V.; Kraemer, R.W.; Krastev, V.R.; Krenz, W.; Kuhn, A.; Kumar, V.; Kunin, A.; Kwan, S.; Landi, G.; Lanius, K.; Lanske, D.; Lanzano, S.; Lebeau, M.; Lebrun, P.; Lecomte, P.; Lecoq, P.; Coultre, P. Le; Leedom, I.; Goff, J. M. Le; Leistam, L.; Leiste, R.; Lettry, J.; Leytens, X.; Li, C.; Li, H.T.; Li, J.F.; Li, L.; Li, P.J.; Li, X.G.; Liao, Jiajun; Liu, R.; Liu, Y.; Lin, Z.; Linde, F.; Lindemann, B.; Linnhöfer, D.; Lohmann, W.; Lökòs, S.; Longo, E.; Lu, Y. S.; Lubbers, J.M.; Lübelsmeyer, K.; Luci, C.; Luckey, D.; Ludovici, L.; Lue, X.; Luminari, L.; Wen-Gan, Ma; MacDermott, M.; Magahiz, R.; Maire, M.; Malhotra, P.K.; Малинин, А.; Mañá, C.; Mao, Dan; Mao, Yajun; Maolinbay, M.; Marchesini, P.; Marchionni, A.; Martin, J. P.; Martínez, Lluisa Maria Mir; Martyn, H. U.; Marzano, F.; Massaro, G.; Matsuda, Takeshi; Mazumdar, K.; McBride, P.; Meinholz, Th.; Merk, M.; Mermod, R.; Merola, L.; Meschini, M.; Metzger, W. J.; Mei, Yong; Micke, M.; Micke, U.; Mills, G. B.; Mir, Y.; Mirabelli, G.; Mnich, J.; Moeller, Maik; Montanet, L.; Monteleoni, B.; Morand, G.; Morand, R.; Morganti, S.; Morgunov, V.; Mount, R.; Nagy, E.; Napolitano, M.; Newman, H. B.; Niessen, L.; Nowak, W.-D.; Onvlee, Jolijn; Ossmann, J.; Pandoulas, D.; Paternoster, G.; Patricelli, S.; Pei, Y. J.; Yue, Peng; Perret-Gallix, D.; Perrier, J.; Perrin, E.; Pevsner, A.; Pieri, M.; Pieri, V.; Piroué, P.; Plyaskin, V.; Pohl, M.; Pojidaev, V.; Pols, C.; Produit, N.; Prokofiev, P.; Qian, J.; Qureshi, K.N.; Raghavan, R.; Rahal-Callot, G.; Razis, P. A.; Read, K. F.; Ren, D.; Ren, Z.; Reucroft, S.; Ricker, A.; Riemann, T.; Rippich, C.; Rodríguez, Simón; Roe, B. P.; Röhner, M.; Röhner, S.; Romero, L.; Rose, J.; Rosier‐Lees, S.; Rosselet, Ph.; Rubio, J. A.; Ruckstuhl, W.; Rykaczewski, H.; Sachwitz, M.; Salicio, J.; Sassowsky, M.; Sauvage, G.; Savin, A.; Schegelsky, V. A.; Schetkovsky, A.; Schmitt, P.; Schmitz, D.; Schmitz, P.; Schneegans, M.; Schöntag, M.; Schotanus, D. J.; Schreiber, H. J.; Schulte, R.; Dratzig, A. Schultz von; Schultze, K.; Schütte, J.; Schwenke, J.; Schwering, G.; Sciacca, C.; Seiler, P.G.; Sens, J.C.; Sheer, I.; Shevchenko, V.; Shevchenko, S.; Shi, Xiangdong; Shmakov, K.; Shoutko, V.; Shumilov, E.; Siedling, R.; Smirnov, N.; Sopczak, A.; Souvorov, V.; Souyri, C.; Spickermann, T.; Spiess, B.; Спиллантини, П.; Starosta, R.; Steuer, M.; Stickland, D.; Stöhr, B.; Stone, Howard A.; Strauch, K.; Sudhakar, K.; Sumner, R.L.; Suter, H.; Sutton, R.B.; Syed, A.A.; Tang, X. W.; Tarkovsky, E.; Tavenrath, A.; Telegdi, V. L.; Thénard, J.M.; Thomas, E.; Timmermans, C.; Ting, Samuel C.C.; Ting, S. M.; Tong, Y.P.; Tonutti, M.; Tonwar, S. C.; Töth, J.; Tung, K. L.; Ulbricht, J.; Urbán, László; Uwer, U.; Valenti, Enrico Maria; Walle, R. T. Van de; Graaf, H. van der; Vetlitsky, I.; Viertel, G.; Vikas, P.; Vivargent, M.; Vogel, H.; Vogt, H.; Volkov, S.; Vorobiev, I.; Vorobyov, A. A.; Vuilleumier, Laurent; Walk, W.; Wallraff, W.; Wang, C.Y.; Wang, G.H.; Wang, J.H.; Wang, Q.F.; Wang, X.L.; Wang, Y.F.; Wang, Z.M.; Weber, J.; Weill, R.; Wenaus, T.; Wenninger, J.; White, M. J.; Wilhelm, R.; Willmott, C.; Wittgenstein, F.; Wright, D.; Wu, Rui; Wu, S. L.; Wu, S. X.; Wu, Y.; Wysłouch, B.; Xu, Z. Z.; Xue, Z.; Yan, D.S.; Yang, B. Z.; Yang, C. G.; Yang, G.; Yang, K.S.; Yang, Qiang; Yang, Z.; Ye, Q.; Ye, C.H.; Yeh, S. C.; Yin, Z.W.; You, J. M.; Zabounidis, C.; Zehnder, L.; Zeng, M.; Zeng, Y.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, D.H.; Zhang, S.Y.; Zhang, Z.P.; Zhou, Jianfeng; Zhu, R. Y.; Zichichi, A.; Zoll, J.

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(89)90703-x

Cited by 215 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Running resumed on 20 September with superconducting quadrupoles and in just three weeks, until 9 October, 3000 Zs were collected in each of the experiments. By 13 October, a seminar was organized at CERN where the four collaborations presented their first results, [5][6][7][8][9] shown in Table 1. The day before, SLC had organized a public conference where updated results had been presented, 9 based on 480 events.…”

Section: Determination Of the Number Of Light Neutrino Species At Lepmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Number of Neutrinos and the Z Line Shape

Blondel

2016

Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics

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The Standard Theory can fit any number of fermion families, as long as the number of leptons and quark families are the same. At the time of the conception of LEP, the number of such families was unknown, and it was feared that the Z resonance would be washed out by decaying into so many families of neutrinos! It took only a few weeks in the fall of 1989 to determine that the number is three. The next six years (from 1990 to 1995) were largely devoted to the accurate determination of the Z line shape, with a precision that outperformed the most optimistic expectations by a factor of 10. The tale of these measurements is a bona fide mystery novel, the precession of electrons being strangely perturbed by natural phenomena, such as tides, rain, hydroelectric power, fast trains, not to mention vertical electrostatic separators. The number hidden in the loops of this treasure hunt was 179, the first estimate of the mass of the top quark; then, once that was found, where predicted, the next number was close to zero: the logarithm of Higgs mass divided by that of the Z. Twenty years later, the quality of these measurements remains, but what they tell us is different: it is no longer about unknown parameters of the Standard Theory, it is about what lies beyond it. This is so acutely relevant, that CERN has launched the design study of a powerful Z, W, H and top factory.

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Section: Determination Of the Number Of Light Neutrino Species At Lepmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Number of Neutrinos and the Z Line Shape

Blondel

2016

Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics

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“…In 1989, after only a few months of data taking with the new LEP accelerator, studies of the Z boson lifetime revealed that there are three neutrino families [19,20,21,22]. It wasn't until 2001 however that the third neutrino, the ν τ , was directly observed by the DONUT [23] experiment.…”

Section: Neutrino Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of neutrino oscillations in MINOS

Raufer¹

2007

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MINOS is a long-baseline neutrino oscillations experiment located at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), USA. It makes use of the NuMI neutrino beamline and two functionally identical detectors located at distances of ∼1 km and ∼735 km from the neutrino production target respectively. The Near Detector measures the composition and energy spectrum of the neutrino beam with high precision while the Far Detector looks for evidence of neutrino oscillations.This thesis presents work conducted in two distinct areas of the MINOS experiment: analysis of neutral current and charged current interactions. While charged current events are only sensitive to muon neutrino disappearance, neutral current events can be used to distinguish oscillations into sterile neutrinos from those involving only active neutrino species.A complete, preliminary neutral current study is performed on simulated data. This is followed by a more detailed investigation of neutral current neutrino interactions in the MINOS Near Detector. A procedure identifying neutral current interactions and rejecting backgrounds due to reconstruction failures is developed. Two distinct event classification methods are investigated. The selected neutral current events in the Near Detector are used to extract corrections to the neutral current cross-section in the MINOS Monte Carlo simulation as a function of energy. The resulting correction factors are consistent with unity.The main MINOS charged current neutrino disappearance analysis is described. We present the Monte Carlo tuning procedure, event selection, extrapolation from Near to Far Detector and fit for neutrino oscillations. Systematic errors on this measurement are evaluated and discussed in detail. The data are consistent with neutrino oscillations with the following parameters: 2.74

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“…3 By mid October 1989, the four LEP experiments, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, had already published their first articles describing the Z boson properties. [4][5][6][7] As listed in Table 1, these early observations already allowed to constrain N ν to be around 3. This article describes in details the measurement of N ν in the context of the LEP high-precision physics program. Beyond the physics achievement, this measurement gives an insight on what made the LEP program so successful: a unique combination of exceptional accelerator performance, creative technological achievements in building and operating the detectors, and unprecedented cooperation with the theoretical physics community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP

Mele¹

2015

Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics

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Within weeks of the start of the data taking at the LEP accelerator, the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments were able to confirm the existence of just three light neutrino species. This measurement relies on the Standard Model relation between the 'invisible' width of the Z-boson and the cross-sections for Z-boson production and subsequent decay into hadrons.The full data sample collected by the experiments at and around the Z-boson resonance allows a high-precision measurement of the number of light neutrino species as 2.9840 ± 0.0082. The uncertainty is mostly due to the understanding of the low-angle Bhabha scattering process used to determine the experimental luminosity.This result is independently confirmed by the elegant direct observation of the e − e + → ννγ process, through the detection of an initial-state-radiation photon in otherwise empty detectors.This result confirms expectations from the existence of three charged leptons species, and contributes to the fields of astrophysics and cosmology. Alongside other LEP achievements, the precision of this result is a testament to the global cooperation underpinning CERN's fourth decade. LEP saw the onset of large-scale collaboration across experiments totaling over 2000 scientists, together with a strong partnership within the wider high-energy physics community: from accelerator operations to the understanding of theoretical processes.

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A determination of the properties of the neutral intermediate vector boson Z0

Cited by 215 publications

References 17 publications

The Number of Neutrinos and the Z Line Shape

The Number of Neutrinos and the Z Line Shape

A study of neutrino oscillations in MINOS

The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP

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