A Detailed Review on C‐Fused Furan/3,4‐Fused Furan Analog and its Potential Applications

Abstract

c‐fused furan and their derivatives are widely used as essential components of agrochemicals, bioregulators, dyes, essential skin and hair oils, cosmetics, flavouring agents, photosensitizers in industry and also show a broad range of biological activity. To the best of our knowledge, as of yet, no review has been published that covers the entire synthetic pathway leading to the formation of just c‐fused or 3, 4‐fused furans. In this review, we outline the various pathways for bicyclic, tricyclic, and polycyclic c‐fused furans, along with their detailed mechanisms, concrete examples, and biological activity. We have focused particularly on the synthetic route to medicine, natural products, and their analogues, such as c‐fused furanoditerpenes isospongiadiol, radermachol, a potential folk medicine ingredient, furo[3,4]quinolin‐4(5H)‐ones core, an inhibitor of lymphoma, bhimamycin B, hibiscone‐c core moiety of antibiotic lactonamycin, and analogue of natural product furanether A/ furanether B. Previous approaches and recent methods are described including metal‐free, transition metal, bio‐catalyst, and multi‐substrate approaches with mechanisms. The review covers the literature for more than six decades and presents an overview of the synthesis of different c‐fused furans and their utility in various disciplines such as synthetic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and drug discovery.

A More Sustainable and Greener Process for Preparing 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Furan‐2‐one Derivatives

“…DSC profiles of TMDP and glacial HOAc were reported at the temperature range of 30–500 °C and 30–300 °C, respectively [27,36] . The melting point and boiling point of TMDP were 52.3 and 325.3 °C with the corresponding enthalpies of 41.42 and 90.00 kJ mol −1 , respectively.…”

“…DSC profiles of TMDP and glacial HOAc were reported at the temperature range of 30-500 °C and 30-300 °C, respectively. [27,36] The melting point and boiling point of TMDP were 52.3 and 325.3 °C with the corresponding enthalpies of 41.42 and 90.00 kJ mol À 1 , respectively. Also, the analysis of the DSC curve of glacial acetic acid showed an evaporation enthalpy of 57.65 kJ mol À 1 at its boiling point (120.0 °C).…”

“…[21,22] Two strategies have been developed to prepare substituted furans, including the construction of the ring itself, [23][24][25] and the functionalization of the furan ring. [26,27] Regarding various applications in different fields and some drawbacks in reported methodologies, such as low yields, long reaction times, waste generation, harsh reaction conditions, and tedious and costly work-up, preparing multi-substituted furans via a more sustainable and greener synthetic protocol remains challenging.…”

Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐cyclopropyl Ketones with Vinyldiazo Ketones for Divergent Synthesis of Substituted Furanyl Heterocycles

“…Furans are an important class of heterocycles, which is present in various biologically active and natural products. [1][2] Numerous efforts have been made to develop new synthetic methods toward furans. [3] In organic synthesis, , rapid constructions of hetero-and carbocyclic frameworks from small strained rings have drawn considerable attentions.…”

“…Furans are an important class of heterocycles, which is present in various biologically active and natural products [1–2] . Numerous efforts have been made to develop new synthetic methods toward furans [3] .…”