A design rationale representation model using patent documents

Abstract

Design rationale (DR) refers to the explanation of why an artifact is designed the way it is. The management of DR in engineering design is an important task since DR is often regarded as crucial information in design decision support, design analysis and design knowledge management. The existing DR systems largely target at manually capturing DRs along design activities. These systems are not only weak in revealing the internal relationships of design components, but also time consuming and they can not extract DR from archival design documents which are usually unstructured or semi-structured texts, such as design changes and test reports. Furthermore, the lack of open accessible DR data has limited the research and spreading of DR systems. In view of such challenges, it has motivated us to propose a new DR model to intelligently discover DR from patent documents since patents are deemed as quality data sources open for public access and they contain rich information about DR, invention details, technology development and so on. Our approach of DR discovery from patents consists of two stages. In the first stage, we propose a novel triple layer DR representation model, i.e. issue layer, design solution layer and artifact layer, to mine DR in a single patent document. The second stage aims to form a DR network based on the salient patent information that is discovered and explicitly represented in the first stage. We then exemplify our representation model using a case study of patents of inkjet printer. Lastly, we briefly discuss some potential applications by taking advantage of our representation model, such as DR reasoning and technology development trend mining.

Suppository Solid Provision Technology

“…Medicines can be given in the form of suppositories for both local and systemic effects (Liang & Liang, 2002). This action depends on the effect of the drug, its concentration and rate of absorption of emollients, astringents, antibacterial agents, hormones, steroids and local anesthetics given in the form of suppositories to treat local conditions of the vagina, rectum, or urethra.…”

“…The advantage of suppositories, i.e. drugs that are destroyed or rendered inactive by pH or enzyme activity of the stomach or intestines, need not be introduced into this destructive environment, drugs that damage or stimulate the stomach can be administered without stimulation, drugs that are damaged in the portal circulation, can pass through the liver after absorption into the rectum (Liang & Liang, 2002). In oral use, this method is more suitable for use by adult patients and children who cannot or do not want to swallow the drug, and is an effective way of treating patients who like vomiting.…”