A descriptive epidemiological study of snake bite cases among children in Eastern  Nepal

Aryal, Nirjala; Thapa, Moon; Singh, Umesh; Shrestha, Manju

doi:10.3126/mjsbh.v16i2.18471

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Also, the lower extremity was the commonest part of the body involved in most bites in the current study. This was in tandem with findings by other researchers [ 11 , 13 , 19 - 20 ]. This could be due to accidental stepping on the snakes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These possibly resulted in increased exposure between man and snake, resulting in more cases of snakebites in humans during the period. The majority of the children managed were males similar to the findings from Sokoto (Nigeria) [4], rural India [19], Eastern Nepal [20], Sri Lanka [13], and Arizona, United States of America [10]. The higher prevalence among male adolescents could stem from their more adventurous nature in addition to participating in such activities as agricultural practices and firewood collection, along with adults, which may predispose to snake bite as noted by earlier studies [4,[19][20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…For instance, a study in India had a large sample size, partly because it was carried out in a rural setting where ASV was also made readily accessible [ 19 ]. Furthermore, the snakebite study carried out among children in Eastern Nepal had a large sample size of 395 [ 20 ]. This might be due to the fact that it was carried out at a snakebite-dedicated facility where ASV was also provided to patients requiring it thereby increasing access to ASV at no cost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Sanni¹,

Lawal²,

Musa³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Introduction Snakebites are common and constitute an important health problem in many countries of the world, with the greatest burden occurring in rural areas of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. They were classified by the World Health Organization as category A of neglected tropical diseases. Most studies on snake envenoming in Nigeria were among adult populations with few among children. This study assessed the prevalence and outcome of snakebite among children in Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi. Methods This was a four-year retrospective study in which the medical records of patients with managed snakebite were reviewed. A study proforma was used to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, site of the bite, features of envenoming, pre-hospitalization intervention, hospital treatment, length of hospitalization, and outcome of treatment of the patients. Results There were 19 snakebite cases out of 5,195 admissions during the period under review, giving a prevalence of 0.0037 (3.7/1000) with a male:female ratio of 2:1. The majority (66.7%) of the children were aged between 11 and 15 years and the mean (± SD) age of the study population was 10.5 (± 3.3) years. The lower limb was the site of bite in 10 (55.6%) of the patients and clinical features included local pain (100%), local swelling of varying magnitude (16 (88.9%)), spontaneous bleeding eight (44.4%) among others. Ten (55.65%) patients presented after four hours of bite and the mean (±SD) duration of hospitalization was 2.11 (±0.58) days. Most (77.8%) received at least one form of pre-hospital care while only 66.7% received polyvalent anti-snake venin. The case fatality rate was 5.6% while 55.6% of patients signed against medical advice. Conclusion There was a low hospital prevalence of snakebite in children in the present study location with associated low mortality but a high rate of discharge against medical advice. Most of the patients had a pre-hospital intervention and anti-snake venin is not readily accessible.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Sanni¹,

Lawal²,

Musa³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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“…Here in our study there was male preponderance with M:F ratio of 1.6:1 which is similar to 3,[7][8][9][10] previous studies though exact reason is unknown . Commonest site of bite was in lower limb (n=116) in present 3,[7][8][9][10][11] study and finding correlates with the previous literatures . In our study, majority (97.04%, n=164) were dry bite with only 2.95% cases presenting with signs of envenomation requiring ASVS and one developed ASVS complication.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Clinical Spectrum and Outcome of Snake Bite Cases in Western Nepal

Bajracharya¹,

Joshi²,

Shrestha³

2017

J. Nepalgunj Med. College

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Background: Prevalence of snake bite is high in Nepal. However, there is no exact figure of mortality and morbidity associated with snake-bite probably due to poor reporting. Objectives: To study demographic characters of snake bite victims, to see clinical symptoms of the bite, outcome of snake bite, use of ASVS and its associated anaphylactic reaction. Methods: A retrospective observational hospital based study carried out through July- October 2017 of the patients with the history of snake bite and visited to secondary level hospital (Army Hospital) at Nepalganj. Result: Among 169 cases of snake bite between 6 months to 83 years, 49.70% was between 20-54 years. Highest number of cases (n=110) came from local areas of Nepalganj like Manikapur, Alanagar, Fulltegra, Daduwa, Gayatrinagar and Samsherganj. Male victims were 61.53% (n=104) and 38.46% (n=65) were female. Commonest site of bite was in lower limb (n=116), followed by upper limb (n=47), head, neck and trunk. Maximum number of cases came to the center within 90 minutes of bite while only n= 28 came after 180 minutes of bite. Use of tourniquet as first aid was seen in 68% (n=115) and 3 cases came in with incised wound and sucked wound. A total of 97.04% (n=164) were dry bite with 26.62% (n=45) only had suspicion of snake bite (snake not seen due to invisibility or bite other than snake). A majority of cases presented without any other symptoms (with only history of bite), 45.56% had bite marks, 17.16% had pain and swelling at the bite site, 6.7% had bleeding from the site and burning and tingling sensation. A total of 2.95% (n=5) of snake bite cases needed ASVS and one developed ASVS complication. Conclusion: Snake bite is more common in adult male between 20-54 years and the commonest site is lower limb. Maximum number of cases presented within in 90 minutes of bite using tourniquet on the affected limb as first aid. Only small percentage of snake bite required anti-snake venom treatment and its complication rate is high.

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“…An explanation for this correlation seems to lie with the natural tendency of all terrestrial animals to seek dry, higher grounds during flooding [22,36,45,63,64]. Snakes are likely to abandon flooded burrows or be swept from their home ranges [2,6,16,26,37,65], ending up in or near human dwellings and other places where animals and humans seek refuge, bringing them into closer contact [7,12,20,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Increase of Snakebite Incidence in Relationship to Flooding Events

Ochoa

Bolon

Durso

et al. 2020

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Snakebite envenoming causes up to 138,000 deaths and 400,000 permanently disabled victims worldwide every year. Flooding is one of the many factors that seems to influence the incidence of snakebite. The catastrophic floods from late 2018 in Kerala (India) were widely broadcast and are an example of how flooding events are related to the increased incidence of snakebite. This relationship has been mentioned regularly in scientific and grey literature, but usually quite scarcely in comparison to other topics linked to snakebite. Additionally, web media, mobile communications, and social media have started playing an important role not only in providing access to information on flooding-related snakebite events, but also in snakebite prevention at a larger scale. In order to better understand to what extent the relationship between snakebite incidence and flooding is reported and quantified and appraise the importance of mobile communications and social media in snakebite prevention and management, we performed multiple searches in generic (Google) and specialized (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) databases. We retrieved 68 scientific articles and 5 reports ranging from 1892 to 2018 mentioning or analyzing flooding and the increased incidence of snakebite. Additionally, we found 68 web media reports linking flooding and snakebite. This review indicates that the increase of snakebite incidence due to flooding has been repeatedly observed all over the world. This phenomenon could be exacerbated because of climate change, which is expected to increase the overall magnitude and frequency of flooding. However, it could also be mitigated by the role the Internet, mobile communications, and social media could play in snakebite prevention and human and animal rescue strategies during flooding.

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A descriptive epidemiological study of snake bite cases among children in Eastern Nepal

Abstract: Introduction: Snake bite is a significant health issue globally. In Nepal, WHO has estimated more

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Prevalence and Outcome of Snake Bites Among Children Admitted in the Emergency Pediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Clinical Spectrum and Outcome of Snake Bite Cases in Western Nepal

Assessing the Increase of Snakebite Incidence in Relationship to Flooding Events

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