A description of the embryology, larval development, and feeding of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica

Siebert, A.E.

doi:10.1139/z74-175

Cited by 74 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Those species that have been reported upon had all been recently collected, brought in to a nearby laboratory or field station, and subsequently spawned. Fortuitously, investigators on the scene, such as Nyholm (1943Nyholm ( , 1949, Chia and Spaulding (1972), Siebert (1973Siebert ( , 1974, Riggs (1988), and Chia et al (1989), have been able to examine some of the events from spawning onwards, although until now there have been no reports of rearing of successive generations of any species. Most studies do not describe development beyond the planula, although those of Spaulding (1972) on Peachia quinquecapitata, Chia and Spaulding (1972) on Tealia crassicornis, and Siebert (1973) on Stomphia didemon are exceptions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

Hand¹,

Uhlinger²

1992

The Biological Bulletin

253

266

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Abstract. Nematostella vectensis, a widely distributed, burrowing sea anemone, was raised through successive sexual generations at room temperature in non-circulating seawater. It has separate sexes and also reproduces asexually by transverse fission. Cultures of animals were fed Artemia sp. nauplii every second day. Every eight days the culture water was changed, and the anemones were fed pieces of Mytilus spp. tissue. This led to regular spawning by both sexes at eight-day intervals. The cultures remained reproductive throughout the year. Upon spawning, adults release either eggs embedded in a gelatinous mucoid mass, or free-swimming sperm. In one experiment, 12 female isolated clonemates and 12 male isolated clonemates were maintained on the 8-day spawning schedule for almost 8 months. Of the female spawnings, 750/0 occurred on the day following mussel feeding and water change, and 640/0 of the male spawnings were similarly synchronized under this regime. Fertilization and development occur when gametes from both sexes are combined in vitro. At 20°C, the embryos gastrulate within 12-15 hours. Spherical ciliated planulae emerge from egg masses 36-48 hours post-fertilization. The planulae elongate and form the first mesenteric couple, as well as four tentacle buds, by day five. By day seven, they metamorphose and settle as 250-500 Jl-m long, four-tentacled juvenile anemones. More tentacles and all eight macrocnemes are present at 2-3 weeks. Individuals may become reproductively mature in as few as 69 days. Nematostella vectensis has the potential to become an important model for use in cnidarian developmental research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

Hand¹,

Uhlinger²

1992

The Biological Bulletin

253

266

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“…Our results show that dark-light cycles also have a moderate inductive influence on spawning in Nematostella vectensis. However, an increase of temperature can cause the Anthozoa Anthopleura to spawn rapidly under laboratory conditions (Siebert 1974). Interestingly, corals of the Great Barrier Reef release their gametes synchronously once a year when the water temperature rises rapidly during springtime, in relation to the last full moon and sunset (Ryland 1997).…”

Section: Induction Of Gametogenesis In Other Cnidariamentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of gametogenesis in the basal cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa)

2002

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A protocol was established to reproducibly induce spawning in the basal cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). We found that a combination of feeding regime, dark-light cycle and temperature shift synergistically induced gametogenesis in adult polyps. Females lay between 100-600 eggs. This procedure led reproducibly to the production of thousands of eggs over the course of more than 1 year in weekly cycles. Gametes are released in a time window of about 2 h resulting in predictable and fairly synchronized development. We also present a method for in vitro fertilization allowing manipulation of early embryos. These methods as well as the simple culture conditions could provide important prerequisites for the use of Nematostella as a model system for the development of a basal Metazoa.

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“…Die Ontogenese der Actiniaria wurde bisher nur lichtmikroskopisch untersucht (Lacaze Duthiers, 1872;Appell6f, 1900;Cary, 1910;Gemmill, 1920;Nyholm, 1943;Chia & Spaulding, 1972;Spaulding, 1974;Siebert, 1974). Bei Embryonen, die aus dotterrei-chen Oocyten hervorgehen, kann nicht selten eine Verzbgerung tier Blastomerensonderung beobachtet werden (Siewing, 1969), wobei im Laufe der weiteren Entwicklung ein lockerer Verband dotterhaltiger Zelten im Blastocoel (Gemmill, 1922: "trophenchyme') entsteht.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Reproduction and development ofAnemonia sulcata (Anthozoa, Actiniaria). II. Early development, blastula and gastrula

Schäfer

1985

Helgolander Meeresunters

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Reproduction and development of Anemonia sulcata (Anthozoa, Actiniaria). II. Early development, blastula and gastrula. Early developmental stages of the Anemonia germ are characterized by asynchronously dividing nuclei and an extreme delay of blastomere differentiation. The nuclei migrate to the periphery, whereas nutritive substances remain in the interior. Following this stage, the appearance of cell boundaries results in the formation of the blastoderm and the simultaneous division of the yolk into many fragments. Most of them are exclusively filled with reserve material; only very few contain zooxanthellae or nuclei. On the embryo's surface, conically shaped bundles of long microvilli are obvious. They appear to be less regularly arranged than the spines of oocytes before insemination. Pigment granules that have originated from fusing Golgi vesicles are crowded peripherally in the blastoderm cells. In the nucleoplasm single annulate lamellae that seem to be cut off from the nuclear envelope can frequently be found. There is no further cellular differentiation until gastrulation is completed. Though yolk-containing cellular fragments occupy nearly the whole blastocoel, entoderm formation occurs by invagination. Ultrastructural observations provide evidence of the existence of interstices between entoderm ceils that allow all nutritive substances to pass gradually into the gastric cavity. In the region of the blastoporus there are cellular processes enveloping reserve material. Presumably, these observations indicate a so-called "filtration of nutritive yolk" (Korschelt & Heider, 1909) that might represent an additional mode for the transfer of yolk-containing cellular fragments from blastocoel into gastrocoel. EINLEITUNG

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A description of the embryology, larval development, and feeding of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

Induction of gametogenesis in the basal cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa)

Reproduction and development ofAnemonia sulcata (Anthozoa, Actiniaria). II. Early development, blastula and gastrula

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