A density matrix model of transport and radiation in quantum cascade lasers

Terazzi, Romain; Faist, Jérôme

doi:10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/033045

Cited by 126 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Simultaneously, simulations have been performed for a large variety of samples with different models. These can be based on rate equations for the electron densities, 3,4 Monte-Carlo simulations of the Boltzmann equation for the occupations of the k-states in the individual subbands, [5][6][7][8] density matrix calculations, [9][10][11][12][13] which have been also done k-resolved, 7,14,15 as well as nonequilibrium Green's functions (NEGF). [16][17][18][19][20] While the published results from either scheme typically agree well with experimental data, it is not clear how the choices of parameters (in particular, interface roughness (IFR) distributions and band offsets), specific approximations (such as screening models or various model-specific assumptions as subband temperatures), or model complexity affect the results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Trends from samples from different labs

Winge

Franckié

Wacker

2016

Journal of Applied Physics

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We present a systematic comparison of the results from our non-equilibrium Green's function formalism with a large number of AlGaAs-GaAs terahertz quantum cascade lasers previously published in the literature. Employing identical material and simulation parameters for all samples, we observe that discrepancies between measured and calculated peak currents are similar for samples from a given group. This suggests that the differences between experiment and theory are partly due to a lacking reproducibility for devices fabricated at different laboratories. Varying the interface roughness height for different devices, we find that the peak current under lasing operation hardly changes, so that differences in interface quality appear not to be the sole reason for the lacking reproducibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Trends from samples from different labs

Winge

Franckié

Wacker

2016

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…The pulse is made as strong as possible in order to get a good signal to noise ratio but it is not known how the system dynamics are affected by such a measurement. The simulation of THz QCLs relies on a consistent treatment of tunneling and scattering, either by hybrid density matrix/rate equation schemes [9][10][11][12][13] or more evolved nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) theory. [14][15][16][17] Here, we present an extension of our NEGF scheme 18 towards the treatment of high intensities inside the QCL, going beyond linear response to an external electromagnetic field.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonlinear response of quantum cascade structures

Winge

Lindskog

Wacker

2012

Applied Physics Letters

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The gain spectrum of a terahertz quantum cascade laser is analysed by a non equilibrium Green's functions approach. Higher harmonics of the response function were retrievable, providing a way to approach nonlinear phenomena in quantum cascade lasers theoretically. Gain is simulated under operation conditions and results are presented both for linear response and strong laser fields. An iterative way of reconstructing the field strength inside the laser cavity at lasing conditions is described using a measured value of the level of the losses of the studied system. Comparison with recent experimental data from time-domain-spectroscopy indicates that the experimental situation is beyond linear response.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures included in text, to appear in Applied Physics Letter

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“…Models entirely based on density matrix approach have been successfully used by various authors (Willenberg et al 2003;Kumar and Hu 2009;Weber et al 2009;Dupont et al 2010;Terazzi and Faist 2010;Lindskog et al 2014). Their main advantage, when compared to MC simulations, is proper accounting of electron resonant tunneling through quantum barriers and dephasing processes.…”

Section: Versus Other Methods Used For Qcl Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo modeling applied to studies of quantum cascade lasers

2017

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One of the commonly used approaches of solving electron transport problems in quantum cascade lasers (QCL) is the Monte Carlo (MC) method, based on semiclassical description in the framework of the Boltzmann Transport Equation. A major benefit of MC modeling is that it only relies on well-established material parameters and structure specification, in most cases without the need to use phenomenological parameters. The results of the modeling can be easily interpreted and they give microscopic insight of QCL operation. The goal of the present paper is to review the application of the MC technique to the studies of operation of QCL. The description of the components of the simulation algorithm is provided. Various physical mechanisms governing electron transport in QCL are described and their influence on the operation are reviewed.

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A density matrix model of transport and radiation in quantum cascade lasers

Cited by 126 publications

References 28 publications

Simulating terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Trends from samples from different labs

Simulating terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Trends from samples from different labs

Nonlinear response of quantum cascade structures

Monte Carlo modeling applied to studies of quantum cascade lasers

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