A Density Functional Theory Study on the Acid‐Catalyzed Transesterification Mechanism for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils

Abstract

The acid-catalyzed transesterification reaction has been one of the most effective methods to produce biodiesel, especially from waste cooking oils (WCO) with high contents of water and free fatty acids (FFA). However, in the acid-catalyzed processes, the H + action mechanism and the controlling step of the reaction rate have been ambiguous. To clearly understand the reaction process, the DMol3 module based on the density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the acid (H + -)-catalyzed transesterification mechanism of methanol and oleic acid monoacylglycerol (OAM). The one step transesterification without a catalyst and the feasible paths of SN2 (substitution nucleophilic bimolecular) and SN1 (substitution nucleophilic unimolecular) reaction mechanisms with H + -based catalysts were built as Path 1, Path 2, and Path 3, respectively. The calculated structures, thermodynamic, and kinetic data revealed that the H + -based catalysts could effectively reduce the activation energy for the transesterification reaction, and the Path 2 based on the SN2 reaction mechanism was the optimal reaction path. A tetrahedral intermediate (IM2-2) could be generated with the highest active energy of 15.383 kcal mol −1 , implying that there was the most stable structure of IM2-2 as the key species in the transesterification process. Hence, the increasing decomposition rate of IM2-2 accelerated the forward reaction in H + -based biodiesel processes. The calculated active energy of 15.383 kcal mol −1 was in good agreement with the kinetic data for the monoacylglycerol transesterification of 15.067 kcal mol −1 . Our calculations should provide basic and reliable theoretical data for further understanding the mechanism of transesterification of WCO to biodiesel products in the future work.

Neighboring Group Participation and Internal Catalysis Effects on Exchangeable Covalent Bonds: Application to the Thriving Field of Vitrimer Chemistry

“…Catalysis does not seem to change this feature as acid-catalysed transesterification is reported to proceed through an addition/elimination mechanism. 58 Additionally, base catalysis only changes the nucleophile from an alcohol to its more reactive alkoxide counterpart. 59 Transesterification was studied in polymers in the second half of the twentieth century, as the exchange reaction is more significant in bulk materials, 49,52,55,60 then this reaction regained popularity among scientists with the development of biodiesel and biofuels.…”

“…Anyway, these three mechanisms are associative. Catalysis does not seem to change this feature as acid-catalyzed transesterification is reported to proceed through an addition/elimination mechanism . Additionally, base catalysis only changes the nucleophile from an alcohol to its more reactive alkoxide counterpart .…”

Effect of Fatty Acid Profiles and Molecular Structures of Nine New Source of Biodiesel on Combustion and Emission

“…The flash point does not directly affect combustion; however, it is important over fuel transportation, storage, and handling. One of the most important properties of fuel is density because it affects pumps, injection systems, and combustion . The density values should be preserved at acceptable limits because of the importance of air-to-fuel ratios for combustion.…”

“…One of the most important properties of fuel is density because it affects pumps, injection systems, and combustion. 12 The density values should be preserved at acceptable limits because of the importance of air-to-fuel ratios for combustion. High values of density result in particulate matter emissions and incomplete combustion.…”