A Density Functional Theory Study of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Alkali Metal Titanate Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications

Abstract

The urgent need to shift from non-renewable to renewable energy sources has caused widespread interest in photovoltaic technologies that allow us to harness readily available and sustainable solar energy. In the past decade, polymer solar cells (PSCs) and perovskite solar cells (Per-SCs) have gained attention owing to their low price and easy fabrication process. Charge transport layers (CTLs), transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), and metallic top electrodes are important constituents of PSCs and Per-SCs, which affect the efficiency and stability of these cells. Owing to the disadvantages of current materials, including instability and high cost, the development of alternative materials has attracted significant attention. Owing to their more flexible physical and chemical characteristics, ternary oxides are considered to be appealing alternatives, where ATiO3 materials—a class of ternary perovskite oxides—have demonstrated considerable potential for applications in solar cells. Here, we have employed calculations based on the density functional theory to study the structural, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties of ATiO3 (A=Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) in different crystallographic phases to determine their potential as PSCs and Per-SCs materials. We have also determined thermal and elastic properties to evaluate their mechanical and thermal stability. Our calculations have revealed that KTiO3 and RbTiO3 possess similar electronic properties as half-metallic materials, while LiTiO3 and CsTiO3 are metallic. Semiconductor behavior with a direct band gap of 2.77 eV was observed for NaTiO3, and calculations of the optical and electronic properties predicted that NaTiO3 is the most appropriate candidate to be employed as a charge transfer layer (CTL) and bottom transparent conducting electrode (TCE) in PSCs and Per-SCs, owing to its transparency and large bandgap, whereas NaTiO3 also provided superior elastic and thermal properties. Among the metallic and half-metallic ATiO3 compounds, CsTiO3 and KTiO3 exhibited the most appropriate features for the top electrode and additional absorbent in the active layer, respectively, to enhance the performance and stability of these cells.