A dendritic-cell-derived C–C chemokine that preferentially attracts naive T cells

Abstract

Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-05-11 and may be subject to change. letters to natureSequences (MIPS) databases were reconciled. Ty elements and dubious open reading frames (ORFs) were excluded. The data set (5,790 proteins) and search results can be viewed at the URL http://acer.gen.tcd.ie/~khwolfe/yeast. Repetitive regions within proteins were masked using the SEG filter in BLAST.Statistical analysis. Chi-square tests (data not shown) indicate that duplicated genes in yeast are distributed in a highly non-random manner with regard to both the order in which homologous genes occur on pairs of chromosomes and the transcriptional orientations of those genes. A simultaneous origin of duplicate regions, as opposed to 55 independent duplications, is supported by a chi-square test on block orientations and by the lack of triplicated regions. The Poisson expectation if blocks were duplicated sequentially is for approximately 40 duplicated blocks, and 7 blocks that are replicated more than once (mainly triplicated). There is only one possible candidate for a triplicated region: the genes YDR474Q YDR492W<md GNP1 on chromosome IVand YOR019W, YOL002C and SCM2 on chromosome XV meet our criteria for a duplicated chromosomal region; this is not shown in Fig. 2 because this area of chromosome IV overlaps with blocks 18 and 9, which have a higher density of homologues than the proposed chromosome IV/XV block. The three-gene match between chromosomes IV and XV is probably spurious, but even if this is counted as a triplication the departure from Poisson expectations is significant (P = 0.001).Phylogenetic analysis. Protein sequences were aligned using default settings in ClustalW with manual editing to remove regions whose alignment was not clear. Branch lengths were estimated with correction for multiple hits25. The mean age of duplication was estimated as (Bl(A -f-B) + C/(A + Q)/2, where A, .B and C correspond to the lengths of branches A, B and C shown in Fig. 3. Confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrap analyses for genes where there were >10 inferred substitutions on branch A. One gene pair, ORC1/SÏR3, was omitted because one of the yeast genes appeared more similar to its human homologue than to its duplicate.

Lymphotactin cotransfection enhances the therapeutic efficacy of dendritic cells genetically modified with melanoma antigen gp100

“…However, it is becoming increasingly more evident that chemokines play an important role in the migration and recruitment of immune cells including DC and T cells in vivo. 15,16 Lymphotactin (Lptn) is a C chemokine that specifically regulates the migration of T cells and NK cells. [17][18][19][20] Dilloo et al 21 reported that cotransfection of Lptn and interleukin-2 (IL-2) genes into tumor tissue could induce potent antitumor immunity through an attraction-expansion approach.…”

The Dendritic Cell-Specific Chemokine, Dendritic Cell-Derived CC Chemokine 1, Enhances Protective Cell-Mediated Immunity to Murine Malaria

“…This idea is supported by a study that showed a 60-fold increase in DC-CK1 mRNA production in dendritic cells that undergo maturation (21). In addition, DC-CK1 expression has been detected in both germinal centers and T cell areas of lymph nodes, areas where primary B and T cell responses take place (18,20). Furthermore, a recent in vivo study has shown that naive T cells cluster in the vicinity of mononuclear cells, producing DC-CK1 mRNA in portal area lymphoid follicles of livers from patients with chronic hepatitis C (22).…”

“…In vitro studies have revealed that DC-CK1 induces both intracellular Ca 2ϩ mobilization and chemotaxis in CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cells bearing the naive T cell marker CD45RA, but not in T cells bearing the activation marker CD45RO and not in nonlymphocytic cells such as monocytes and granulocytes (18,19). Another study revealed that DC-CK1 is also chemotactic for CD38-negative mantle zone B cells, indicating that this chemokine acts not only on naive T cells, but on naive B cells as well (20).…”

Favorable overall survival in stage III melanoma patients after adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination

“…Here the DCs are able to activate the specific immune system. [20][21][22] Since 1996, there have been several clinical studies investigating tumor antigen-loaded DC-based vaccines, mainly in metastatic melanoma patients. 23,24 Over the years, many parameters in DC vaccination have been optimized in clinical studies.…”