A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal ganglion cells to the primary visual cortex

Cruz-Martín, Alberto; El-Danaf, Rana N.; Osakada, Fumitaka; Sriram, Balaji; Dhande, Onkar S.; Nguyen, Phong L.; Callaway, Edward M.; Ghosh, Anirvan; Huberman, Andrew D.

doi:10.1038/nature12989

Cited by 279 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Previous work (Swadlow and Weyand 1985) showed that LGN DS neurons do project to V1 and that their axons have conduction velocities similar to those of concentric LGN neurons, but the terminal layer of these axons could not be determined with the antidromic methods that were employed. Although our preliminary studies (Hei et al 2013) indicate that at least some LGN DS neurons provide a strong synaptic impact in layer 4, recent work in mouse (Cruz-Martin et al 2014) indicates that LGN DS neurons located in the shell region of the LGN selectively target the superficial layers of V1. Future work will resolve this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Directional selective neurons in the awake LGN: response properties and modulation by brain state

Hei

Stoelzel

Zhuang

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Directionally selective (DS) neurons are found in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of rabbits and rodents, and in rabbits, LGN DS cells project to primary visual cortex. Here, we compare visual response properties of LGN DS neurons with those of layer 4 simple cells, most of which show strong direction/orientation selectivity. These populations differed dramatically, suggesting that DS cells may not contribute significantly to the synthesis of simple receptive fields: 1) whereas the first harmonic component (F1)-to-mean firing rate (F0) ratios of LGN DS cells are strongly nonlinear, those of simple cells are strongly linear; 2) whereas LGN DS cells have overlapped ON/OFF subfields, simple cells have either a single ON or OFF subfield or two spatially separate subfields; and 3) whereas the preferred directions of LGN DS cells are closely tied to the four cardinal directions, the directional preferences of simple cells are more evenly distributed. We further show that directional selectivity in LGN DS neurons is strongly enhanced by alertness via two mechanisms, 1) an increase in responses to stimulation in the preferred direction, and 2) an enhanced suppression of responses to stimuli moving in the null direction. Finally, our simulations show that these two consequences of alertness could each serve, in a vector-based population code, to hasten the computation of stimulus direction when rabbits become alert.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Directional selective neurons in the awake LGN: response properties and modulation by brain state

Hei

Stoelzel

Zhuang

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…These findings suggest that the orientation selectivity of some dLGN neurons might be transmitted from the retina ). In fact, there is a disynaptic circuit linking DSGCs with the superficial layers of the primary visual cortex (V1), through a specialized subdivision of the dLGN (Cruz-Martin et al 2014), further supporting the notion that the direction and orientation selectivity of some V1 neurons may be influenced by the activities of RGCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Subtype-dependent postnatal development of direction- and orientation-selective retinal ganglion cells in mice

Chen

Liu

Tian

2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Chen H, Liu X, Tian N. Subtype-dependent postnatal development of direction-and orientation-selective retinal ganglion cells in mice. J Neurophysiol 112: 2092J Neurophysiol 112: -2101J Neurophysiol 112: , 2014. First published August 6, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00320.2014.-The direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) and orientation-selective ganglion cells (OSGCs) encode the directional and the orientational information of a moving object, respectively. It is unclear how DSGCs and OSGCs mature in the mouse retina during postnatal development. Here we investigated the development of DSGCs and OSGCs after eye-opening. We show that 1) DSGCs and OSGCs are present at postnatal day 12 (P12), just before eye-opening; 2) the fractions of both DSGCs and OSGCs increase from P12 to P30; 3) the development of DSGCs and OSGCs is subtype dependent; and 4) direction and orientation selectivity are two separate features of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the mouse retina. We classified RGCs into different functional subtypes based on their light response properties. Compared with P12, the direction and orientation selectivity of ON-OFF RGCs but not ON RGCs became stronger at P30. The tuning width of DSGCs for both ON and ON-OFF subtypes decreased with age. For OSGCs, we divided them into non-direction-selective (non-DS) OSGCs and direction-selective OSGCs (DS&OSGCs). For DS&OSGCs, we found that there was no correlation between the direction and orientation selectivity, and that the tuning width of both ON and ON-OFF subtypes remained unchanged with age. For non-DS OSGCs, the tuning width of ON but not ON-OFF subtype decreased with development. These findings provide a foundation to reveal the molecular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the development of the direction and orientation selectivity in the retina.retinal ganglion cell; multielectrode array; direction-selective ganglion cell; orientation-selective ganglion cell

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“…This is possible because the brain projections from the retina are oscillating at 8-14 Hz with visual and association cortices [50,51], and the oscillating activity ''brings" the brain faculties to the retina within milliseconds. Visual information can reach the cortex through the retinogeniculo-cortical pathway [59], and the rich network of neurons via horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and inner and external plexuses [60,61], which happens through the fast back-and-forth oscillations [48,49]. This is what we have named the pre-existing infrastructure of the visual consciousness space.…”

Section: Our New Theory Of Vision and Brain Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

Jerath¹,

Cearley²,

Barnes

et al. 2016

Medical Hypotheses

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a b s t r a c tThe role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4 cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers, photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors' individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex, and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally ''places" the objects within this ''neural" space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina, but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision. Summary: This is a theoretical article presenting a novel hypothesis about the physiological processes in vision, and expounds upon the visual aspect of two of our previously published articles, ''A unified 3D default space consciousness model combining neurological and physiological processes that underlie conscious experience", and ''Functional representation of vision within the mind: A visual consciousness model based in 3D default space." Currently, neuroscience teaches that visual images are initially inverted on the retina, processed in the brain, and then conscious perception of vision happens in the visual cortex. Here, we propose that inversion of visual images never takes place because images enter the retina as coiled and compressed graded potentials that are intensified and amplified in OFF-center photoreceptors. Once they reach the brain, they are decompressed and expanded to the original size of the image, which is perceived by the brain as the external image. We adduce that pre-existing oscillations (alpha, beta, and gamma) among the various c...

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A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal ganglion cells to the primary visual cortex

Cited by 279 publications

References 40 publications

Directional selective neurons in the awake LGN: response properties and modulation by brain state

Directional selective neurons in the awake LGN: response properties and modulation by brain state

Subtype-dependent postnatal development of direction- and orientation-selective retinal ganglion cells in mice

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

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