“…Such low-fidelity training formats may be nearly as effective as high-physical-fidelity training formats, as long as the cognitive processes are the same as those in the real world (Gopher, Weil, & Bareket, 1994). Along these lines, there have been software programs that provide modules to train decision-making ability, and these programs appear to be effective at improving student understanding and distinguishing between expert and novice abilities on decision making and technique but not knowledge (Sarker, Rehman, Ladwa, Chang, & Vincent, 2009; Servais et al, 2006). We recommend that novices begin decision-making training as they begin mastery of surgical content such that training occurs within the surgical context (Luker et al, 2008).…”