A Decade Review on Smart Cities: Paradigms, Challenges and Opportunities

Singh, Tarana; Solanki, Arun; Sharma, Sanjay Kumar; Nayyar, Anand; Paul, Anand

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3184710

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 240 publications

(314 reference statements)

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“…By taking the smart city system [37] as a case study, we start the adoption of the FARUL3S by the inter-organizational level by organizing a workshop for the mapping and validation of projects. The figure 2 represents our proposal for different applications' taxonomy among platforms based on the area of interest and the DDD ubiquitous language.…”

Section: Experimentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

FARUL3S: a New Framework for Agile Regulated Ultra-Large-Scale Software Systems

KSIKSI¹,

Lazzez²,

Ltifi³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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<p>The Ultra-Large Scale Software (ULSS) system is a novel generation of software systems that requires to be managed and developed across multiple organizations. Such a system challenges the existing agile methods and scaled agile methods as they address only the intra-organizational cooperation. In fact, for inter-organizational coordinations, the ULSS systems have to be regulated as a city rather than being engineered as a building. This paper provides the first Framework for Agile Regulated Ultra-Large-Scale Software System (FARUL3S) that intends to regulate the ULSS systems by constraining the design spaces’ exploration. To this end, we introduced the System Design Rules Hierarchy (SDRH) as a hierarchy of dominance relations that covers the system, platform and application levels. The SDRH, which is the main artifact of our framework, ensures a distributed design spaces’ exploration and helps to provide the interoperability between the different component parts of the ULSS system. The NOV-based analysis of two case studies from the Smart City System prove that the ULSS system regulation improves the added value over its engineering. Thus, to conclude, regulating the ULSS systems makes the system more than the sum of its elements. </p>

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Section: Experimentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

FARUL3S: a New Framework for Agile Regulated Ultra-Large-Scale Software Systems

KSIKSI¹,

Lazzez²,

Ltifi³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the role of the private sector is critical in the development of sustainable smart cities as they assist in funding the cities. Other challenges to implementation of sustainable smart cities include system failures, information security, privacy issues, sustainability, and cost of operations [46]. In some countries like Zambia, the challenges include human capital development, change management, licensing costs, infrastructure setup and maintenance as well as interoperability [47].…”

Section: K Lacking Ecological View In Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Developing Smart Cities in Developing Countries – Challenges and Opportunities: A Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2022

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The implementation of smart cities globally has been the subject of literature review since the twentieth century. However, the smart city concept has only become topical in the twenty first century, particularly in more recent times. While a lot of cities indeveloped countries have forged ahead with the implementation of smart cities, the same cannot be said about developing countries. Following the 2015 launch of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), among the goals the development of smart cities across the globe, many countries have stalled on the achievement of this specific goal. The 2019 covid pandemic halted the development of smart cities while for those cities that have survived the epidemic, starting the smart city programmes that may have been started before the epidemic has proved a daunting task. This study looks at the challenges and opportunities developing countries have been faced prior to and after the covid pandemic. A systematic literature review was undertaken to consider the said challenges and opportunities, particularly in developing countries. The review has revealed that other problems like climate change have changed the development focus to the extent that smart city development agenda has been hurt and pushed aside. It is evident that the enthusiasm demonstrated in mid-1915s up to 2019 has waned. Any take-up of this programme will require concerted global effort to succeed.

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“…Beyond-5G/6G networks shall integrate ground, space, air, and underwater and give better performance compared to the 5G networks. Beyond-5G/6G network will support several applications and services like brain-machine interface [14,15], augmented reality [16,17], virtual reality [18,19], mixed reality, connected autonomous vehicles [20][21][22], connected robotics, connected unmanned aerial vehicles [23][24][25][26], connected health [27,28] smart cities [29,30], indoor localization [31,32]. Beyond-5G/6G network will have the following features:(a) Very low latency (approximately 10 µs) [33], (b) Tb/s peak data rate and end-to-end reliability requirement is 99.99999 percent [34], (c) Higher energy and spectral efficiency compared to the 5G network, (d) Wide frequency range (like sub-6 GHz, mmWave, THz band, optical frequency, VLF, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Paper on Hardware of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

2023

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Recently reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted great attention because it can create a smart wireless environment. Hence it can enhance the capacity and coverage of the wireless network significantly. A thorough review of RISs has been presented in this paper focusing on the hardware aspect of the RIS. Beyond-5G/6G communication will have a smart propagation environment, where RIS can be used for such communications. RIS consists of various small unit cells. The unit cells should have some tunning mechanism so that the incoming waves can be reflected or transmitted in the desired direction. It is possible to tune the impedance of the unit cells using PIN diodes, varactor didoes, microelectromechanical (MEMS), thermal, and other ways. In this paper, initially, the background of RIS has been discussed where RIS is going to play a significant role in beyond-5G/6G communications. We have also added the theoretical background of RIS and motivations to writing this paper. After that several published papers in the literature have been presented so that the readers can get an overall idea about the RIS and its hardware. Hence, this paper will be very useful for practitioner engineers and researchers. RISs have been presented in various tables and various parameters have been presented. We have discussed challenges and solutions for the hardware of the RIS design. We have also discussed potential research and research gap that can be explored in the future. Lastly, we have added a conclusion for this review paper.INDEX TERMS Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), beyond-5G/6G communication, reflectarray, PIN diode, varactor diode.

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A Decade Review on Smart Cities: Paradigms, Challenges and Opportunities

Cited by 18 publications

References 240 publications

FARUL3S: a New Framework for Agile Regulated Ultra-Large-Scale Software Systems

FARUL3S: a New Framework for Agile Regulated Ultra-Large-Scale Software Systems

An Evaluation of Developing Smart Cities in Developing Countries – Challenges and Opportunities: A Systematic Literature Review

Review Paper on Hardware of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

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