“…For this reason, the idea of network DEA (NDEA), which incorporates the internal structure of DMUs in efficiency assessment, is initiated by Färe and Grosskopf (2000). As from then, NDEA has been widely applied in various sectors such as finance ( Liu, Huang, & Chiu, 2020), manufacturing (Chen, Cook, Li, & Zhu, 2009; Wang, Lu & Hung, 2019), tourism and hospitality industries (Yu & Lee, 2009; Hwang, 2018; Yin et al, 2019), education (Yang, Fukuyama, & Song, 2018), and transportation (Chao, Yu, & Hsieh, 2018; Yu & Lin, 2008).…”